A term is an addend or a summand, a group of coefficients, variables, constants and exponents that may be separated from the other terms by the plus and minus operators.

Since the fundamental group is a homotopy invariant, the theory of the winding number for the complex plane minus one point is the same as for the circle.

If the graph G is connected, then the rank of the free group is equal to 1 − χ ( G ): one minus the Euler characteristic of G.

The concentration of hydroxide ions can be expressed in terms of pOH, which is close to 14 – pH ,< ref group = note > p ( OH ) signifies the minus the logarithm to base 10 of

Among the artists of the core group ( minus Bazille, who had died in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 ), defections occurred as Cézanne, followed later by Renoir, Sisley, and Monet, abstained from the group exhibitions so they could submit their works to the Salon.

In current usage, a paraphyletic group consists of all of the descendants of a possibly hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups ( most usually one ).

A strict explanation of a paraphyletic group has not been published, but the consensus appears to be that paraphyletic groups consist of a monophyletic group, minus one or more smaller constituent clades – for instance the paraphyletic class Reptilia being " Amniotes minus birds and mammals ".

In phylogenetics ( a subfield of biology ) and in linguistics, a group is said to be paraphyletic if it consists of all the descendants of the last common ancestor of the group's members minus a small number of monophyletic groups of descendants, typically just one or two such groups.

But some generalizations are possible, typically involving the mapping class group of the space minus a periodic orbit.

The album Who Loves You became a surprise million-seller for the group, as it was the first Four Seasons album to prominently feature lead vocals by anyone other than Valli (' Sorry ' on ' Half & Half ' had featured Gaudio, DeVito and Long minus Valli, while ' Wall Street Village Day ' on ' Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ' featured Valli on just a couple of ' bridge ' section lead vocal lines ).

Faced with sliding sales and a loss of direction following the third album, the group relocated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania minus Paul Reynolds.

In 2006 the group minus Melvin Edmonds appeared on the New Jack Reunion Tour with Kevon Edmonds, Keith Mitchell, and Edmonds family member Jason Edmonds who happens to be the son of Melvin Edmonds and the nephew of Babyface and Kevon Edmonds.

Eazy-E signed the group ( minus Flesh-n-Bone ) to his label Ruthless Records.

As of 2011, it was revealed that the group has been recording a reunion album, minus the late Poetic.

Hashing died out during World War II shortly after the invasion of Malaya, but was restarted in 1946 after the war by several of the original group, minus A. S. Gispert, who was killed on 11 February 1942 in the Japanese invasion of Singapore, an event commemorated by many chapters by an annual Gispert Memorial Run.

In 2004, they sold it, minus its Canadian assets, to a private group of investors which included the Carlyle Group.

Heaven and Earth, minus Little, then merged with another local group, Milestone, to form Great White Cane with horn players Bob Doughty and Ian Kojima, drummer Norman Wellbanks, guitarist Paul C. Saenz, and keyboard player John Cleveland Hughes.

The group ( minus Dylan ) parodied what they went through during the filming of Making the Band 2 on Dave Chappelle's sketch comedy show The Chappelle Show.

* Equity: In the equity market the risk premium is the expected return of a company stock, a group of company stocks, or a portfolio of all stock market company stocks, minus the risk-free rate.

The predominance diagram shows that the position of the equilibrium depends on both pH and the analytical concentration of chromium .< ref group = notes > pCr is equal to minus the logarithm of the analytical concentration of chromium.

After rejecting an offer from George Steinbrenner and former Indian Al Rosen, Stouffer sold the team in 1972 to a group led by Cleveland Cavaliers and Cleveland Barons owner Nick Mileti.

Bassist Nick Seymour ( ex-Plays with Marionettes, Bang, The Horla ) is the younger brother of singer-songwriter and guitarist Mark Seymour of the now defunct Australian rock group Hunters & Collectors.

Peter Jones and Nick Seymour joined Australian group Deadstar for their second album, Milk, in 1997.

The subject has been promoted by a cross-party group of Parliamentarians, particularly Nick Gibb MP.

This group consisted of Comets lead guitarist " Nick Masters " ( Mathias Nicholas Nastos ), bassist Ray Cawley, singer " Pudge " Parsons ( Ray Parsons ), and drummer Buddy Dee.

His involvement with this group led to his losing academic credits (" The First Duty "), when a squadron-mate was killed attempting a dangerous and prohibited flight maneuver and, under pressure from the team leader Nick Locarno, Crusher abetted the squadron's efforts to cover up the truth.

Notable Australian musicians include: the opera singers Dame Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland ; country music stars Slim Dusty ( Australia's biggest selling domestic artist ) and John Williamson ; solo artists John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John, Pub rock band Cold Chisel, folk-rocker Paul Kelly ; Dance group The Avalanches ; jazz guitarist Tommy Emmanuel ; pioneer rocker Johnny O ' Keefe, global folk-rock band The Seekers, global rock and pop bands Men At Work, The EasyBeats, Air Supply, Crowded House, AC / DC, INXS, Little River Band, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Midnight Oil, Dragon, Silverchair, Youth Group, You Am I and Powderfinger ; the " pop princess " Kylie Minogue, Pendulum, Pop Rock duo Savage Garden and alternative music stars the John Butler Trio, Xavier Rudd, Wolfmother, Tame Impala and The Vines.

: Defendant Nick du Toit said he was introduced to Thatcher in South Africa last year by Simon Mann, the leader of 70 men arrested in Zimbabwe in March suspected of being a group of mercenaries heading to Equatorial Guinea.

Other notable musicians from Fremantle include bassist Martyn P. Casey, member of The Triffids and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds ; American-born slide guitarist Lucky Oceans ; indie pop group San Cisco ; rock musician and manager Vince Lovegrove ; and Australian Idol finalist Cosima De Vito.

likewise features the line as comic dialogue during a Mexican standoff between two CIA officers and a Mexican-American college student ( Nick Corri ), who is immediately backed up by a group of armed Mexican-American gang members.

In 1960, the group known as The Four Lovers evolved into The Four Seasons, with Frankie Valli as the lead singer, Bob Gaudio ( formerly of The Royal Teens ) on keyboards and tenor vocals, Tommy DeVito on lead guitar and baritone vocals, and Nick Massi on bass guitar and bass vocals.

Haircut One Hundred are a British pop group formed in 1980 by Nick Heyward.

The European winners of this era, Spaniard Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, who was the first Scottish winner in over half a century, and the Englishman Nick Faldo, were also leading lights among the group of players who began to get the better of the Americans in the Ryder Cup during this period.

Arcadia were the pop group formed in 1985 by Simon Le Bon, Nick Rhodes and Roger Taylor of Duran Duran, during a break in that band's schedule.

A rock group was formed in 1973, with Nick Cave ( vocals ), Mick Harvey ( guitar ), and Phill Calvert ( drums ), with other students John Cocivera, Brett Purcell and Chris Coyne ( on guitar, bass and saxophone respectively ).

The show has enjoyed success by focusing on telling stories involving the core Forrester family, in particular sticking to a core group of characters: Stephanie, Eric, Brooke, Ridge, Taylor, Thorne, Macy and, in recent years, Logan's sister, Amber, Bridget, Bill Jr., Jackie and Nick.

Art Nouveau, the forerunner of Kajagoogoo, was originally founded in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, in 1979, as a four-piece avant-garde instrumental group, with Nick Beggs on bass guitar, Steve Askew on lead guitar, Stuart Croxford Neale on keyboards, and Jeremy " Jez " Strode on drums.

The band signed with EMI Records in July 1982, after Limahl had met Nick Rhodes ( of the group Duran Duran ) while Limahl was working as a waiter at the Embassy Club in London.

The Brinsley Schwarz connection brought about a collaboration with Nick Lowe starting with this album, and in 1976 they formed the group Rockpile, with Billy Bremner and Terry Williams.

The hostages who have been beheaded by Zarqawi's group, and possibly by Zarqawi himself, include Americans Nick Berg, Eugene Armstrong and Jack Hensley, South Korean Kim Sun-il, Shosei Koda from Japan, and Kenneth Bigley from the UK.

Side two opens with three five-minute songs: one by each of the band's three resident songwriters, and closes with a suite with sound effects primarily conceived by Nick Mason, but credited to the whole group.

Most of the Squadron have disappared, with Ultimate Nick Fury ; Burbank and Arcanna, are now a team of intelligence officers working for the government and investigate a group of returning astronauts ( apparently this universe's version of the Fantastic Four ) that exhibit strange abilities.

Following the departure of Jane Munro in 1983, she was replaced by Nick O ' Connor ( who also played piano / synthesizers in the group ).

On June 20, 2012, Nick and Drew Lachey announced on Ryan Seacrest that the group would reunite for a one-time performance at Mixtape Festival in Hershey, PA in August.

Also in the line-up were former Move bassist Rick Price, drummers Charlie Grima and Keith Smart ( all formerly of Birmingham group Mongrel ), and saxophone players Mike Burney and Nick Pentelow ( the son of actor Arthur Pentelow ).