The integrated modular avionics concept proposes an integrated architecture with application software portable across an assembly of common hardware modules.

** Minimum level required for POWER4 hardware and the last release that worked on the Micro Channel architecture

:: The major parallel DBMS architectures ( which are induced by the underlying hardware architecture are:

The floating-point control register ( FPCR ) is a 64-bit register defined by the architecture intended for use by Alpha implementations with IEEE 754-compliant floating-point hardware.

Although the unused bits were not implemented in hardware such as TLBs, the architecture required implementations to check if they are zero to ensure software compatibility with implementations that implemented a larger or the full virtual address space.

* The first successful open system architecture by segregating system-specific hardware interfaces in a set of BIOS routines.

Unlike most Unix-like kernels, the Hurd uses a server – client architecture, built on a microkernel that is responsible for providing the most basic kernel services – coordinating access to the hardware: the CPU ( through process management and scheduling ), RAM ( via memory management ), and other various input / output devices ( via I / O scheduling ) for sound, graphics, mass storage, etc.

With new processor hardware, new memory hardware and a novel memory architecture, a new compiler port, a new port of a relatively new operating system, and exposed memory hazards, early systems were noted for frequent system crashes.

In coordination with the hardware, the microcode implements the programmer-visible architecture.

The underlying hardware need not have a fixed relationship to the visible architecture.

This makes it possible to implement a given instruction set architecture on a wide variety of underlying hardware micro-architectures.

The IBM System / 360 has a 32-bit architecture with 16 general-purpose registers, but most of the System / 360 implementations actually use hardware that implemented a much simpler underlying microarchitecture ; for example, the System / 360 Model 30 had 8-bit data paths to the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) and main memory and implemented the general-purpose registers in a special unit of higher-speed core memory, and the System / 360 Model 40 had 8-bit data paths to the ALU and 16-bit data paths to main memory and also implemented the general-purpose registers in a special unit of higher-speed core memory.

When address spaces increased from 16 to 32 bits, kernel design was no longer cramped by the hardware architecture, and kernels began to grow.

As of July 2010, no known hardware implementations of the < tt > MMIX </ tt > instruction set architecture exist.

The monolithic differs from other operating system architectures ( such as the microkernel architecture ) in that it defines alone a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware, with a set of primitives or system calls to implement all operating system services such as process management, concurrency, and memory management itself and one or more device drivers as modules. Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel-based operating systems

The PDP-10 architecture was an almost identical version of the earlier PDP-6 architecture, sharing the same 36-bit word length and slightly extending the instruction set ( but with improved hardware implementation ).

This flexible framework provided by the processor architecture made it unusually easy to invent new bus devices, including devices to control hardware that had not been contemplated when the processor was originally designed.

The article on PDP-11 architecture describes the hardware and software techniques used to work around address-space limitations.

For example, for maximal use of distribution, a computer running on a different hardware architecture should be able to reliably reconstruct a serialized data stream, regardless of endianness.

Virtual memory is an integral part of a computer architecture ; implementations require hardware support, typically in the form of a memory management unit built into the CPU.

While at UCLA, he also met Robert E. Kahn, who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture.

A Commentary on the Unix Operating System starts with notes on Unix and other useful documentation ( the Unix manual pages, DEC hardware manuals and so on ), a section on the architecture of the PDP-11 and a chapter on how to read C programs.

The addition of virtual memory paging to a cluster architecture can allow the implementation of NUMA entirely in software where no NUMA hardware exists.

The term BIOS ( Basic Input / Output System ) was invented by Gary Kildall and first appeared in the CP / M operating system in 1975, describing the machine-specific part of CP / M loaded during boot time that interfaces directly with the hardware ( a CP / M machine usually has only a simple boot loader in its ROM ).

The arcade version of the video game hardware is often referred to as the " MVS ," or Multi Video System ( available in 1-slot, 2-slot, 4-slot, and 6-slot variations, the latter being capable of up to six cartridges loaded into one machine ), with its console counterpart referred to as the " AES ", or Advanced Entertainment System ( most likely to distinguish it from the Nintendo Entertainment System, the dominating console on the market at the time ). Neo Geo AES motherboard.

* Adeos is a hardware abstraction layer that can be loaded as a Kernel Module in Linux.

Antique punchcard-reading unit record equipment would literally halt once a card processing task was completed, since there was no need for the hardware to continue operating, until a new stack of program cards were loaded.

Physical and / or root-level access is required to the machine, and the software loaded into the BIOS needs to be created for the specific hardware that it will be running on.

While the vulnerability they exploited was a flaw in the software loaded on the 4758, and not the architecture of the 4758 itself, their attack serves as a reminder that a security system is only as secure as its weakest link: the strong link of the 4758 hardware was rendered useless by flaws in the design and specification of the software loaded on it.

In 1976, another digital audio tape format was developed by Soundstream, using 1 inch ( 25. 4 mm ) wide reel-to-reel tape loaded on an instrumentation recorder manufactured by Honeywell acting as a transport, which in turn was connected to outboard digital audio encoding and decoding hardware of Soundstream's own design.

Often, one step in the verification flow is emulation: The hardware is mapped onto an emulation platform based on a field-programmable gate array ( FPGA ) that mimics the behavior of the SoC, and the software modules are loaded into the memory of the emulation platform.

* FreeKEYB, an international DOS keyboard and console driver with many usability enhancements utilized self-modifying code and dynamic dead code elimination to minimize its memory image based on its user configuration ( selected features, languages, layouts ) and actual runtime environment ( OS variant and version, loaded drivers, underlying hardware ), automatically resolving dependencies, dynamically relocating and recombining code sections on byte-level granularity and optimizing opstrings based on semantic information provided in the source code, relocation information generated by special tools during assembly and profile information obtained at load time.

There were a selection of 3rd party code page fonts that could be loaded into such hardware.

A VST host is a software application or hardware device that allows VST plugins to be loaded and controlled.

The starting address is loaded into the program counter of the CPU after a hardware reset and must have a defined value that endures after power is interrupted to the system.

Thereby, the previously loaded DOS environment including all its device drivers became part of the system domain under the multitasker and unless specific protected mode virtual device drivers were loaded, hardware access got tunneled through this 16-bit sub-system by default.

It is customary to calculate the thrust-to-weight ratio using initial gross weight at sea-level on earth .< ref > George P. Sutton & Oscar Biblarz, Rocket Propulsion Elements ( p. 442, 7th edition ) “ The loaded weight W < sub > g </ sub > is the sea-level initial gross weight of propellant and rocket propulsion system hardware .”</ ref > This is sometimes called Thrust-to-Earth-weight ratio.

The crew loaded Cosmos 1443 ’ s VA capsule with 350 kg of experiment results and hardware no longer in use.

Later models included the K2000VP ( keyboard ), K2000VPR ( rack ), K2VX ( keyboard w / optional ROMs ), and K2VXS ( keyboard w / optional ROMs + Sampling ) which were based on the same hardware as the K2000 series but had the K2500 sound set loaded.

Since the program was not loaded at address zero ( as that address range is reserved for hardware use ), the return code was not zero.

A page fault ( sometimes # pf or pf ) is a trap to the software raised by the hardware when a program accesses a page that is mapped in the virtual address space, but not loaded in physical memory.

He wrote several early Apple II programs, served as a beta tester for Apple hardware and software, and Wozniak designed the Disk II floppy disk drive system after Markkula found that a checkbook-balancing program he had written loaded too slowly from a data cassette.

Typically the RAM image is loaded into RAM when the system is switched on, and it contains a second-level bootstrap loader and basic hardware drivers, enabling the unit to function as desired, or else more sophisticated software to be loaded into the system.

Once an application is loaded and running, it can manage all the available memory on a node and use the full resources provided by the hardware.