In this design the anode holder is water cooled and the heat losses by conduction from the anode were determined by measuring the temperature rise of the coolant.

Interest remained, however, in the possibility that it would serve as a useful supplementary method for counteracting spoilage losses and for preserving some foods at lower over-all costs than freezing, or without employing heat or chemicals with their attendant taste alterations.

The actual thermal efficiency will be significantly lower due to heat and friction losses.

Turbocharging can improve the fuel economy of diesel engines by recovering waste heat from the exhaust, increasing the excess air factor, and increasing the ratio of engine output to friction losses.

Compared to an equivalent class-AB device, a class-D amplifier's lower losses permit the use of a smaller heat sink for the MOSFETs while also reducing the amount of input power required, allowing for a lower-capacity power supply design.

Hoar frost ( also called radiation frost or hoarfrost or pruina ) refers to the white ice crystals, loosely deposited on the ground or exposed objects, that form on cold clear nights when heat losses into the open skies cause objects to become colder than the surrounding air.

* Core losses: A time-varying current in a ferromagnetic inductor, which causes a time-varying magnetic field in its core, causes energy losses in the core material that are dissipated as heat, due to two processes:

The heat loads that must be removed by the cooling system include conduction through the support system, radiation from warmer to colder surfaces, AC losses in the conductor ( during charge and discharge ), and losses from the cold – to-warm power leads that connect the cold coil to the power conditioning system.

The flow velocity and the heat losses behave quite differently.

However, this fire protection also traps heat generated from conductor losses, so the protection must be thin.

A mathematical correction factor, known as the phi-factor, can be used to adjust the calorimetric result to account for these heat losses.

This has the effect of cutting off the region from warming influences in winter and together with little cloud cover leads to extensive heat losses during the cooler months.

Indeed, during the last few years, many parts of the world have suffered major heat waves, floods, droughts, fires and extreme weather events leading to significant economic losses and loss of life.

By moving the heat away from the collection surface, it greatly reduces thermal losses at night and improves net heat gain.

* Fixed or movable shades, which can reduce night-time heat losses.

Efficiency can suffer from slow response ( thermal lag ) and heat losses at night.

At the same time, evacuating skin humidity: several layers of materials with different properties may be used to achieve this goal while lowering heat losses so they match the body ’ s internal heat production.

Since the magnetic field is proportional to the product NI, the number of turns in the windings N and the current I can be chosen to minimize heat losses, as long as their product is constant.

This causes energy losses in their magnetic cores that are dissipated as heat in the core.

To reduce heat transfer from the hot gas to this anode holder outside the regime of the arc, a carbon shield was attached to the surface providing an air gap of 1/16 inch between the plate and the surface of the anode holder.

Temperatures of the shield and of the surface of the water-cooled anode holder were measured by thermocouples to account for heat received by the coolant but not originating from the anode plug.

The total heat loss through the anode holder included also the heat conducted through the base of the cylindrical piece into the adjacent metal parts.

The total heat flux from the porous plug into the plug holder is thereby Af.

No adiabatic calorimeter is truly adiabatic-some heat will be lost by the sample to the sample holder.

* Systag FlexyTSC a successor of their SIKAREX unit-the electronics of which could be used to apply a feedback system to heat the sample holder to give a result closer to true adiabaticy, however as the sample holder is an open ended glass tube, one soon loses the sample as a great deal of smoke.

The manipulator or sample holder may include features which allow additional control and testing of a sample, such as the ability to apply heat, cooling, voltage, or a magnetic field.

Even today range riders will come upon mummified bodies of men who attempted nothing more difficult than a twenty-mile hike and slowly lost direction, were tortured by the heat, driven mad by the constant and unfulfilled promise of the landscape, and who finally died.

In the heat of the summer, the garden solitudes were ours alone ; ;

The dust clogged their throats, and the heat parched them, so that the women were always making ice water.

Up until recently, this heat pump method of warming air was efficient only in areas of mild winters and when outside temperatures were above 40 degrees.

More traditional adobe roofs were often flatter than the familiar steeped roof as the native climate yielded more sun and heat than mass amounts of snow or rain that would find use in precipitous roofs.

In his instrument, temperatures were indicated by the height at which a column of mercury was sustained by a certain mass of air, the volume, or " spring ", of which varied with the heat to which it was exposed.

He explained that though both sun and the stars were fiery stones, we do not feel the heat of the stars because of their enormous distance from earth.

The lower voltage requirement and higher heat rating selected CPUs that were essentially " cherry picked " from the manufacturing line.

When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells ( see RNA interference ), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells.

Bains-marie were originally developed for use in the practice of alchemy, when alchemists needed a way to heat materials slowly and gently.

In that early form of chemical science, it was believed by many that the best way to heat certain materials was to mimic the supposed natural processes, occurring in the Earth's core, by which precious metals were believed to be germinated.

In reality the housing was inferior with poor heat and plumbing, the medical care often lacking even in availability of antibiotics, schools were propaganda machines and travel was a necessity to provide the country with hard currency.

The world ’ s first ice-calorimeter, used in the winter of 1782-83, by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, to determine the heat evolved in various chemical change s ; calculations which were based on Joseph Black ’ s prior discovery of latent heat.

Compactron's integrated valve design helped lower power consumption and heat generation ( they were to tubes what integrated circuits were to transistors ).

When both were prepared for flight, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too high, because the heat of the sun would melt the wax, nor too low, because the sea foam would soak the feathers.

Diesel's inventions have three points in common: they relate to heat transfer by natural physical processes or laws ; they involve markedly creative mechanical design ; and they were initially motivated by the inventor's concept of sociological needs.

Therefore, a high heat treatment could remove the visual evidence of patterning associated with carbides but did not remove the underlying patterning of the carbide forming elements ; a subsequent lower-temperature heat treatment, at a temperature at which the carbides were again stable, could recover the structure by the binding of carbon by those elements.

In this experiment, bacteria from the III-S strain were killed by heat, and their remains were added to II-R strain bacteria.