The higher heat transfer rates at the anode compared with those at the cathode can be explained by the physical phenomena occurring in free burning arcs.

The heat transfer to the anode in free burning arcs is enhanced by a hot gas jet flowing from the cathode towards the anode with velocities up Af.

The use of high voltages and low currents by proper design to reduce electron heat transfer to the anode for a given power output.

To reduce heat transfer from the hot gas to this anode holder outside the regime of the arc, a carbon shield was attached to the surface providing an air gap of 1/16 inch between the plate and the surface of the anode holder.

In tropical and other climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe levels out the heat transfer through the wall to the living space.

The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun ( radiation ) and from the surrounding air ( convection ) before they warm through to the interior and begin to transfer heat to the living space.

After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will then continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time lag effect.

An adiabatic process is any process occurring without input or output of heat within a system ( i. e. during the process the system is thermodynamically isolated-there is no heat transfer with the surroundings ).

This is the opposite of a diabatic process, where there is heat transfer.

Such processes are usually followed or preceded by events that do involve heat transfer ( i. e. are non-adiabatic ).

Although the terms adiabatic and isocaloric can often be interchanged, adiabatic processes may be considered a subset of isocaloric processes ; the remaining complement subset of isocaloric processes being processes where net heat transfer does not diverge regionally such as in an idealized case with mediums of infinite thermal conductivity or non-existent thermal capacity.

For example, an adiabatic boundary is a boundary that is impermeable to heat transfer and the system is said to be adiabatically ( or thermally ) insulated ; an insulated wall approximates an adiabatic boundary.

One opposite extreme — allowing heat transfer with the surroundings, causing the temperature to remain constant — is known as an isothermal process.

The term " adiabatic " literally means impassable, coming from the Greek roots ἀ-(" not "), διὰ-(" through "), and βαῖνειν (" to pass "); this etymology corresponds here to an absence of heat transfer.

Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero.

The definition of an adiabatic process is that heat transfer to the system is zero,.

Control volume schematic of internal flow with one inlet and exit including an axial force, work, and heat transfer.

Above, the shaft work and heat transfer are assumed to be acting on the flow.

A dye-sublimation printer ( or dye-sub printer ) is a printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic card, paper or canvas.

* Simple radiant heat transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy

The system may be worked upon by an external force, and in the process, it can transfer thermal energy from a cooler system to a warmer one, thereby acting as a refrigerator or heat pump rather than a heat engine.

In free-burning electric arcs, for instance, approximately 90% of the total arc power is transferred to the anode giving rise to local heat fluxes in excess of Af as measured by the authors -- the exact value depending on the arc atmosphere.

however, the anode is still the part receiving the largest heat flux.

In this design the anode holder is water cooled and the heat losses by conduction from the anode were determined by measuring the temperature rise of the coolant.

Temperatures of the shield and of the surface of the water-cooled anode holder were measured by thermocouples to account for heat received by the coolant but not originating from the anode plug.

Assuming thermal equilibrium between the anode surface and the transpiring argon, the gas enthalpy rise through the anode was calculated according to the relation Af whereby the specific heat of argon was taken as Af.

The total heat loss through the anode holder included also the heat conducted through the base of the cylindrical piece into the adjacent metal parts.

These angled plates ( not to be confused with the anode ) focus the electron stream onto certain spots on the anode which can withstand the heat generated by the impact of massive numbers of electrons, while also providing pentode behavior.

In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties.

Non-monochromatic X-ray sources also produce a significant amount of heat ( 100 to 200 ° C ) on the surface of the sample because the anode that produces the X-rays is typically only 1 to away from the sample.

In systems using alternating current but without separate anode structures, the electrodes alternate as anodes and cathodes, and the impinging electrons can cause substantial localized heating, often to red heat.

The anode in an X-ray tube is made of tungsten, molybdenum, or copper ; when electrons collide with the anode, about 1 % of the resulting energy is emitted as X-rays, with the remaining 99 % released as heat.

Some tubes were capable of being driven so hard that the anode would itself glow cherry red ; the anodes were machined from solid material ( rather than fabricated from thin sheet ) to withstand heat without distorting.

And all the time, she had the heat of hatred in her, like charcoal that is burning on its under side, but not visibly.

This is far from the vulgar, leering sexuality of the middle-class square in heat ''.

The volume is a piece of passionate special pleading, written with the heat -- and often with the wisdom, it must be said -- of a Liberal damning the shortsightedness of politicians from 1782 to 1832.

A relatively simple switching arrangement reverses the cycle so that the machine literally runs backward, and the heat is extracted from outdoor air and turned indoors.

Now, the machine has been improved to a point where it is generally more economical than oil heat at temperatures down to 15 degrees.

The body is a heat machine, and 20 to 25 guests can easily double your cooling load.

A BTU is a unit of heat, and the BTU rating of a conditioner refers to how much heat your machine can pump out of your house in an hour.

The total heat flux from the porous plug into the plug holder is thereby Af.

In other words, if an ideal gas is compressed and kept at constant temperature, the work done in compressing it is completely converted into heat and transferred to the surrounding heat sink.

Radiation, therefore, is at an initial cost disadvantage even though only 1 to 10 per cent as much radiation energy as heat energy is required for radiopasteurization or radiosterilization.

Partly because low-level heat treatment is needed to inactivate enzymes before radiosterilization, treated fresh meats have the appearance of boiled or canned meat.

Basically, this means that simpler processing equipment ( the mixture has good flowing characteristics ) and less external heat ( the foaming reaction is exothermic and develops internal heat ) are required in one-shot foaming, although, at the same time, the problems of controlling the conditions of one-shot foaming are critical ones.

The kitchen is separated from the living area ( called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove ), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat.

where is the specific heat at constant pressure, is the specific heat at constant volume, and is the wave speed.