This was largely due to the fact that the office of sheriff or steward had become hereditary in certain families in the majority of sheriffdoms.

The Heritable Jurisdictions Act of 1747 abolished the office of hereditary sheriff and the sheriff-depute soon became sheriff.

Edward of Salisbury was sheriff at the time of the Domesday Survey, and the office remained hereditary in his family, descending to William Longespee by his marriage with Ela, great-granddaughter of Edward.

She could be the constable, either of a castle or a vill, but not the sheriff, except in the one case of Westmorland, where an hereditary office was exercised in the 17th century by Anne, countess of Dorset, Pembroke and Montgomery.

Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford, Lord of Brecknock ( 1100 – 24 December 1143 ) was the son of Walter of Gloucester, who served as hereditary sheriff of that county between 1104 and 1121.

In 1660, Murray became a privy councillor, obtained a charter of the hereditary office of sheriff of Fife and in 1663 was appointed Lord President of the Court of Session.

Lyell was knighted ( Kt ), and later made a baronet ( Bt ), which is an hereditary honour.

Some of his descendants ( known as the Kammu Taira or Kammu Heishi ) took the Taira hereditary clan title, and in later generations became prominent warriors.

Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material.

Originally, the Duke held the electorate personally, but it was later made hereditary along with the duchy.

A Danish town in England often had, as it principal officers, twelve hereditary ‘ law men .’ The Danes introduced the habit of making committees among the free men in court, which perhaps made England favorable ground for the future growth of the jury system out of a Frankish custom later introduced by the Normans .”

They feared the King would use Orders to gain support for absolutist goals and to make formal distinctions among the peerage which could lead to its legal breakup into two separate classes, and that the King would later play one against the other and eventually limit the legal privileges of hereditary nobility.

Rome would never again have a hereditary " king ", even if later emperors were absolute rulers in all but name.

Thomas Hunt Morgan and his assistants later integrated the theoretical model of Mendel with the chromosome theory of inheritance, in which the chromosomes of cells were thought to hold the actual hereditary material, and create what is now known as classical genetics, which was extremely successful and cemented Mendel's place in history.

In parts of medieval and later Europe, the Salic Law was purported to be the grounds for males alone being eligible to inherit land, with particular emphasis applied to hereditary succession of monarchies and fiefs, i. e. in patrilineal or agnatic succession.

While the early caliphate maintained the principles of an elected ruler, later states became hereditary or military dictatorships though many maintained some pretense of a consultative shura.

In the British Empire ( originally in the maritime and hinterland sphere of influence of the East India Company, HEIC, later transformed into crown territories ), mainly in British India, the numbers of guns fired as a gun salute to the ruler of a so-called princely state became a politically highly significant indicator of his status, not governed by objective rules, but awarded ( and in various cases increased ) by the British paramount power, roughly reflecting his state's socio-economic, political and / or military weight, but also as a prestigious reward for loyalty to the Raj, in classes ( always odd numbers ) from three to 21 ( seven lacking ), for the " vassal " indigenous rulers ( normally hereditary with a throne, sometimes raised as a personal distinction for an individual ruling prince ).

His forced conversions or evictions carried out in the midst of the Thirty Years ' War, which with the later general success of the Protestants therefore had greatly negative consequences for Habsburg control of the Holy Roman Empire itself, while these campaigns within the Habsburg hereditary lands were largely successful in religiously purifying his demesnes, leaving the Austrian Emperors thereafter with much greater control within their hereditary power base — although Hungary was never successfully re-Catholicized — but one much reduced in population and economic might while less vigorous and weakened as a nation-state.

They were tied to the land, and in later Imperial law their status was made hereditary.

The nomen, and later, cognomen were virtually always hereditary.

Initially of low standing, Gustav rose to lead the rebel movement following the bloodbath in which his father was executed, and his election as King on June 6, 1523 ( currently recognised as the National holiday of Sweden ) and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later meant the end of Medieval Sweden's elective monarchy as well as the Kalmar Union, which had united the Nordic kingdoms since 1397, and the commencing of a hereditary monarchy under the House of Vasa which, currently under the House of Bernadotte, continues to date.

A state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Austrian Circle and a duchy in the hereditary possession of the Habsburgs, later part of the Austrian Empire and of Austria-Hungary, the region was a crown land from 1849, when it was also subdivided into Upper Carniola, Lower Carniola, and Inner Carniola, until 1918.

The later period ( 1815 – 1835 ) witnessed a peaceful consolidation of political power of the newly autonomous Serbia, culminating in the recognition of the right to hereditary rule by Serbian princes in 1830 and 1833 and the adoption of the first written constitution in 1835.

Brin used the services of 23andMe and discovered that although Parkinson's is generally not hereditary, both he and his mother possess a mutation of the LRRK2 gene ( G2019S ) that puts the likelihood of his developing Parkinson's in later years between 20 and 80 %.

In the Carpathian regions inhabited by Romanians, the boyar () class emerged from the chiefs ( named cneaz (" leader ") or jude (" judge ") in the areas north of the Danube and celnic south of the river ) of rural communities in the early Middle Ages, initially elected, who later made their judicial and administrative attributions hereditary and gradually expanded them upon other communities.

Curzon wrote to Kitchener advising him that signing himself “ Lord Kitchener of Khartoum ” took up too much time and space – Kitchener commented on the pettiness of this ( Curzon simply signed himself " Curzon " as if he were an hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself “ Curzon of Kedleston ”).

The most outstanding objects are the ancient crown of the Holy Roman Emperors and also the insignia of the much later hereditary Austrian emperors.

This was in part a clash of personalities: Curzon once wrote on a document “ I rise from the perusal of these papers filled with the sense of the ineptitude of my military advisers ”, and once wrote to the Commander-in-Chief in India, Lord Kitchener advising him that signing himself “ Lord Kitchener of Khartoum ” took up too much time and space, which Kitchener thought petty ( Curzon simply signed himself “ Curzon ” as if he were an hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself “ Curzon of Kedleston ”).

The de Carterets of Jersey acquired the governorship, later passing it to Sir Edmund Andros of Guernsey, from whom the Guernsey family of Le Mesurier inherited it, thus establishing a hereditary line of governors that lasted until 1825.

Through hereditary succession, Sanetomo's older brother Yoriie became Seii Taishogun in 1202, to only be stripped of the title a year later and put under house arrest for plotting against the Hōjō clan.

Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres.

Otto von Habsburg advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with hereditary succession.

Not until the first Rostock Inheritance Agreement of 21 September 1573, in which the state princes were guaranteed hereditary rule over the city for centuries, binding Rostock for a long time, and recognizing them as the supreme judicial authority, was the conflict ended.

A Freiherr sometimes exercised hereditary administrative and judicial prerogatives over those resident in his barony instead of the liege lord, who might be the duke ( Herzog ) or count ( Graf ).

His work, in so far as it was directed towards the separation of the judicial and political functions and to the reform of the abuses attaching to a hereditary magistrature, was subsequently endorsed by the Revolution.

In the absence of a hereditary aristocracy, Upper Canada was run by an oligarchy or closed group of powerful men who controlled most of the political, judicial and economic power from the 1810s to the 1830s.

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

Until recently, there still existed hereditary officers of the Roman Curia, holding titles denominating functions that had ceased to be a reality when the Papal States were lost to the papacy.

Although functions could only be accorded by the prince and were not hereditary, land possession was hereditary.

The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that the Earl Marshal and Lord Great Chamberlain continue for the time being to have seats so as to carry out their ceremonial functions in the House of Lords.

After Richelieu's death the pretensions of the parlement increased ; the hereditary magistrature arrogated to itself the functions of the states-general, and in 1648 the parlement with the other sovereign courts ( the cour des aides, the grand conseil, and the cour des comptes ) met in one assembly and proposed for the royal sanction twenty-seven articles, which amounted in substance to a new constitution.

RNA can also act as a hereditary molecule, which encouraged Walter Gilbert to propose that in the distant past, the cell used RNA as both the genetic material and the structural and catalytic molecule, rather than dividing these functions between DNA and protein as they are today.

The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that a hereditary peer exercising the office of Lord Great Chamberlain ( as well as the Earl Marshal ) be exempt from such a rule, in order to perform ceremonial functions.

These are functional rather than hereditary castes, but each has a clearly defined role in their society, and the mri regard any change in those traditional functions as completely unacceptable.

One year later, the emperor made those functions and titles hereditary for the Pálffys.

He saw this as due not to physical lesions in the brain or to hereditary evil, but as a disturbance in the harmony of the mind's functions ( forms of awareness or presence ), rooted in the nervous system.

Initiation diksa is a means by which one can become a member of a sampradaya, it is a ritual procedure, or to an individual in the parampara, is one of the primary functions of sampradaya ; one cannot become a member by birth, as is the case with gotra, a seminal, or hereditary, dynasty.