Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital through the regulation of continental climates, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soils, food, fibres, medicines, erosion control, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.

From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period ; however, vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century.

* Radicalism ( historical ), the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century

The patterns of species distribution across geographical areas can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors such as: speciation ; extinction ; continental drift ; glaciation, and associated variations in sea level, river routes, and habitat ; and river capture ; in combination with the geographic constraints of landmass areas and isolation ; and the available ecosystem energy supplies.

Wylie presents numerous historical references for the persecution of the Kelede by the Roman church and the opposition of Queen Margaret and King David I, staunch supporters of the continental church who would have no reason to fear a sect professing continental practices.

This coincided with the commercial production of beet sugar in continental Europe, which, in a matter of decades, had brought the price down to historical lows.

The " historical outline " covers a number of topics ; from the origin of man before Ice Age and a global caste-system, to the breakup of this global population due to the appearance of the Ice Age, climatic fluctuations and continental drift.

Where analytic philosophy tends to treat philosophy in terms of discrete problems, capable of being analyzed apart from their historical origins ( much as scientists consider the history of science inessential to scientific inquiry ), continental philosophy typically suggests that " philosophical argument cannot be divorced from the textual and contextual conditions of its historical emergence ".

Its name, formed from the Japanese word roots 唐 kara ( China, or continental East Asia in general ), and 津 tsu ( port ), signifies its historical importance as an ancient trading port between Japan with China and Korea.

The name refers to the historical custom of the continental universities where students usually formed corporations according to their home nations.

Urien is Morgan le Fay's husband in the continental romances, while Owain mab Urien is the historical figure behind their son Ywain.

The current migratory routes of the continental birds, especially the western populations, are not optimal in ecological terms, and presumably represent an inherited, historical route pattern that has not yet adapted to the birds ' modern population locations.

In the mid-1960s, Thompson wrote an essay for the annual Socialist Register that rejected Anderson's view of aristocratic dominance of Britain's historical trajectory, as well as Anderson's seeming preference for continental European theorists over radical British traditions and empiricism.

For practical and historical reasons, some teams from Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, Canada and Puerto Rico ( considered a separate country by FIFA ) also compete in these leagues, although they are not eligible for the Lamar Hunt U. S. Open Cup, which is open only to teams affiliated with US Soccer, and cannot represent the United States in the CONCACAF Champions League ; only USSF-affiliated teams can represent the U. S. in the continental tournament.

In continental Europe and Oceania, the historical core of major cities has usually remained relatively affluent ; it is generally the inner-city districts and the edge-of-town suburbs made up of single-class state-subsidised housing, such as the French " cités " or " banlieues " and British council estates, which suffer the worst decay and blight.

Due to it continental size and historical peculiarities, Brazil has a short history of national competitions, with the modern Campeonato Brasileiro having started in 1971 supported by the then military regime and just became possible thanks to the changes and evolution in civil aviation and air transport.

As historical Radicalism became absorbed in the development of political liberalism, in the later 19th century in both the United Kingdom and continental Europe the term Radical came to denote a progressive liberal ideology.

Subsequent research has amply confirmed Hajnal's continental divide, and what has come to be known as the ' Western European marriage pattern ', although historical demographers have also noted that there are significant variations within the region ; to the west of the line, about half of all women aged 15 to 50 years of age were married while the other half were widows or spinsters ; to the east of the line, about seventy percent of women in that age bracket were married while the other thirty percent were widows or nuns.

Though a son of the rationalistic era which produced two of its most intense partisans, Peter Beer and Herz Homberg in his native city, Frankel developed, partly through opposition to shallow rationalism and partly through the romantic environments of the ancient city of Prague, that love and sympathy for the past that made him the typical expounder of the historical school which was known as the " Breslau school.

Both schools would become part of classic Rabbinic literature, though the decline of scholastic rationalism coincided with historical events which drew Jews to the Kabbalistic approach.

Indeed, he vigorously attacked rationalism, as distinguished from the rational principle, charging it with being unscientific inasmuch as it ignored the historical significance of Christianity, shut its eyes to individuality and failed to give religious feeling its due.

A dislike of the dry Lutheran orthodoxy of the period gave Zinzendorf some sympathy with that side of the growing rationalism which was attacking dogma, while at the same time he felt its lack of earnestness, and of a true and deep understanding of religion and of Christianity, and endeavoured to counteract these defects by pointing men to the historical Christ, and seeking to recapture practices and spirituality of the Apostolic church.

Lavater had a mystic's indifference to historical Christianity, and, although regarded as a champion of orthodoxy, was actually an antagonist of rationalism.

This view has been criticized by certain philosophers, such as Deleuze or Michel Foucault, who declared that Thought couldn't be identified to rationalism, and that irrationalism wasn't to be considered as the contrary of thought ( i. e. as madness, which, as Foucault demonstrated, is the product of a historical conception and disciplinary technologies of power ).

The First Series of Gifford Lectures made the case against three historical conceptions of being, called “ realism ,” “ mysticism ,” and “ critical rationalism ,” by Royce, and defended a “ Fourth Conception of Being .” Realism, according to Royce, held that to be is to be independent, which mysticism and critical rationalism advanced other criteria, that to be way to, immediacy in the case of mysticism and objective validity in critical rationalism.

This is less so within Jewish Studies ( and the study of that discipline ), partially for historical reasons, because the rationalism of Gulkowitsch ’ s style seemed to some unduly accommodationist to non-Jewish principles and systems of thought and too critical of its mystic traditions ( it will be noted that Gulkowitsch indeed demystifies the Kabbala and the Talmud and is very critical of Chassidism ).

Schweitzer's critique of historical Jesus research significantly undermined the two-century-old attempt to discover a historical Jesus who conformed to the tenets of Enlightenment Era rationalism.

His controversial theories of social process and the historical typology of cultures are expounded in Social and Cultural Dynamics ( 4 vol., 1937 – 41 ; rev.

It is obvious that the historian who seeks to recapture the ideas that have motivated human behavior throughout a given period will find the art and literature of that age one of his central and major concerns, by no means a mere supplement or adjunct of significant historical research.

In the main stream of historical thinking is a group of scholars, H.M. Chadwick, R.H. Hodgkin, Sir Frank Stenton et al. who are in varying degrees sceptical of the native traditions of the conquest but who defend the catastrophic type of invasion suggested by them.

In the imagination of the nineteenth century the Greek tragedians and Shakespeare stand side by side, their affinity transcending all the immense contrarieties of historical circumstance, religious belief, and poetic form.

In all his miscalculations, Stravinsky made the fatal historical blunder of presuming that he could transform other composers' inspirations -- representing many peoples, time periods and styles -- into his own music by warping the harmony, melody, or form, to verify his own experiments.

Now, with virtually every writer, not only was the European origin of public law acknowledged as a historical phenomenon, but the rules thus established by the advanced civilizations of Europe were to be imposed on others.

and it was filled then as now by quarreling tribes with no political or historical unity.

The brief notes introducing each work offer salient historical or technical points, and many listeners are probably grateful for being intelligently taken by the hand through an often difficult maze.

The issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists, who have tried to improve the image of the South by lessening the role of slavery.

Imperial Aramaic was highly standardised ; its orthography was based more on historical roots than any spoken dialect and was inevitably influenced by Old Persian.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

They believed that the only solution was to submit gracefully to an historical inevitability — the long-term dominance of Europe by Germany.

* Secret history, historical events claimed by revisionists to have been deliberately suppressed or forgotten

Alternate history is related to but distinct from counterfactual history — the term used by some professional historians when using thoroughly researched and carefully reasoned speculations on " what might have happened if ..." as a tool of academic historical research.

In October 2010, John Graham-Cumming started a campaign to raise funds by " public subscription " to enable serious historical and academic study of Babbage's plans, with a view to then build and test a fully working virtual design which will then in turn enable construction of the physical Analytical Engine.

Amber is discussed by Theophrastus, possibly the first historical mention of the material, in the 4th century BC.

Abbotsford gave its name to the " Abbotsford Club ", a successor of the Bannatyne and Maitland clubs, founded by William Barclay Turnbull in 1834 in Scott's honour, for printing and publishing historical works connected with his writings.

The most famous example is the Acropolis of Athens, which, by reason of its historical associations and the several famous buildings erected upon it ( most notably the Parthenon ), is known without qualification as the Acropolis.

Speakers of the Akkadian language seem to have already been present in Mesopotamia at the dawn of the historical period, and soon achieved preeminence with the first Dynasty of Kish and numerous localities to the north of Sumer, where rulers with Akkadian names had already established themselves by the 3rd millennium BC.

In 1968, he was cited by William F. Buckley as one of several historical figures whose best qualities would be emulated by the ideal President.

* Alexander Balas, article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

Doherty suggests that the personal relations of the two kings were strained by constant arguments, though this in not confirmed by historical sources.