* 1980 — Luis Alvarez, Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel propose the Alvarez hypothesis, that a comet or asteroid struck the Earth 65 million years ago causing the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event, including the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, and enriching the iridium in the K – T boundary.

* June 6 – Luis and Walter Alvarez with Frank Asaro and Helen Michels propose the Alvarez hypothesis, that the mass extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by the impact of a large asteroid 65 million years ago, the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event.

The discovery in 1910 of Sefer Zadok mentions by the Karaite sage Ya ' akov al-Qirqisani, led to a renewal for the hypothesis of the Sadducee influences on the Karaites.

There are only a few documentary records of his life, and some mentions in literature from his lifetime or soon after, but he cannot be documented as the creator of any surviving work ; everything else consists of hypothesis.

The Limbo of Infants ( Latin limbus infantium or limbus puerorum ) is a hypothesis about the permanent status of the unbaptized who die in infancy, too young to have committed personal sins, but not having been freed from original sin.

This ambiguity represents the current state of understanding of the language of Linear A: the known elements are too scarce to build a safe hypothesis about supposed affiliations with known languages.

Geographer K. E. Barber has argued against this hypothesis, saying that pools at Lindow Moss would have been too shallow, and suggests that the peat may have been peeled back to allow the burial and then replaced, leaving the stratigraphy apparently undisturbed.

This too was shown to be incorrect by the Michelson – Gale – Pearson experiment, which detected the Sagnac effect due to Earth's rotation ( s. Aether drag hypothesis )

Le Verrier denounced Babinet's hypothesis, saying, " is absolutely nothing by which one could determine the position of another planet, barring hypotheses in which imagination played too large a part.

Stronger forms of the hypothesis are controversial, and there is some debatable evidence against it in its weak form too.

Fresnel's partial ether dragging hypothesis ruled out the measurement of first-order ( v / c ) effects, and although observations of second-order effects ( v < sup > 2 </ sup >/ c < sup > 2 </ sup >) were possible in principle, Maxwell thought they were too small to be detected with then-current technology.

Additional evidence against this hypothesis includes the fact that Mediaevalis is likely too young to have produced the Black Death due to its recent divergence from Orientalis.

: Without hoping to know whether each separate hypothesis is true or false, we may search for rules to govern our behaviour with regard to them, in following which we insure that, in the long run of experience, we shall not be too often wrong.

Writing in 1910, Peirce admits that " in almost everything I printed before the beginning of this century I more or less mixed up hypothesis and induction " and he traces the confusion of these two types of reasoning to logicians ' too " narrow and formalistic a conception of inference, as necessarily having formulated judgments from its premises.

At times, the discussion became quite heated ; the Italian Marxist historian Rosario Villari, speaking of the work of Trevor-Roper and Mousnier, claimed that: " The hypothesis of imbalance between bureaucratic expansion and the needs of the state is too vague to be plausible, and rests on inflated rhetoric, typical of a certain type of political conservative, rather than on effective analysis.

Other initial skepticism towards the biogenic hypothesis focused on the idea that the nanometer-sized filaments were too small to contain RNA, but evidence continues to grow that nanobacteria do exist in nature.

Stanley Singer discussed ( 1971 ) this type of hypothesis and suggested that the electrical recombination time would be too short for the ball lightning lifetimes often reported.

In 1936, the statistician R. A. Fisher used a chi-squared test to analyze Mendel's data and concluded that Mendel's results with the predicted ratios were far too perfect, indicating that adjustments ( intentional or unconscious ) had been made to the data to make the observations fit the hypothesis.

Alternatively, the null hypothesis, " this coin is fair " could be examined by looking out for either too many of tails or too many heads, and thus the types of outcomes that would tend to contradict this null hypothesis are those where a large number of heads or a large number of tails are observed.

In it, Wallace attempted to prove the hypothesis that chimps could be considered ' people ' too.

Tukey held that too much emphasis in statistics was placed on statistical hypothesis testing ( confirmatory data analysis ); more emphasis needed to be placed on using data to suggest hypotheses to test.

However, the guidance hypothesis postulates that provision of too much external, augmented feedback ( e. g., KR ) during practice may cause the learner to develop a harmful dependency on this source of feedback ( Salmoni et al., 1984 ).

The inscription corpus is too sparse to substantiate the hypothesis.

The Rare Earth hypothesis further argues that the axis tilt cannot be too large or too small ( relative to the orbital plane ).

Let us put to ourselves the hypothesis that we had not come on the scene and that the rabbit never was discovered.

Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab ( and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom ), decided to test Van den Broek and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fit the Bohr theory's demand that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to a measure of the square of Z.

While the Ural – Altaic hypothesis can still be found in encyclopedias, atlases, and similar general references, it has not had any adherents in the linguistics community for decades.

The parapsychologist H. H. Price had also developed his own hypothesis about what the afterlife may be like.

A dismissive allusion in the text to the " wealth of Hungary " has suggested the hypothesis that it was written after 1184, at the time when Bela III of Hungary had sent to the French court a statement of his income and had proposed marriage to Marie's sister Marguerite of France, but before 1186, when his proposal was accepted.

At that point, scientists began to reconsider their pre-mission hypothesis that Descartes had been the setting of ancient volcanic activity, as the two astronauts had yet to find any volcanic material.

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

The hypothesis that the continents had once formed a single landmass before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations was first presented by Alfred Wegener to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912.

Wegener was the first to use the phrase " continental drift " ( 1912, 1915 ) ( in German " die Verschiebung der Kontinente " – translated into English in 1922 ) and formally publish the hypothesis that the continents had somehow " drifted " apart.

Georges Dumézil in his controversial trifunctional hypothesis proposed that ancient societies had three main classes each with distinct functions: the first judicial and priestly ; the second connected with the military and war, while the third class focussed on production, agriculture, craft and commerce.

Such a hypothesis had previously been put forward by telepathy researchers in the Soviet Union.

Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, " on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... the town of Engeda " ( Natural History, Bk 5. 73 ); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that " the Dead Sea Scrolls " discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

A reviewer concluded that Stickel brought forward every possible argument which would speak for that hypothesis, but he proved the opposite of what he had attempted to do ( Johannes Gildemeister in ZDMG 13, 1859, 289 – 304 ).

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating James Phipps, a boy eight years old ( the son of Jenner's gardener ), with pus scraped from the cowpox blisters on the hands of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom, whose hide now hangs on the wall of the St George's medical school library ( now in Tooting ).

The hypothesis of the Gospel being composed in layers over a period of time had its start with Rudolf Bultmann in 1941.

A commonly accepted hypothesis attributes the high mortality of this colony in part to Old World diseases to which the natives had no immunity.

Antarctica, the North Pole, Tibet, Peru, and Mount Shasta in California, USA, have all had their advocates as the locations of entrances to a subterranean realm referred to as Agartha, with some even advancing the hypothesis that UFOs have their homeland in these places.

Vitamin A depletion had been suggested as a cause of the malady, but this hypothesis has not been proven.

The hypothesis that Japanese might be related to Korean has had some supporters due to some apparent overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller.

In a 1999 Journal of Affective Disorders article, a hypothesis was suggested that the phase of the moon may in the past have had an effect on individuals with bipolar disorder by providing light during nights which would otherwise have been dark, and affecting susceptible individuals through the well-known route of sleep deprivation.

Fitzgerald had inferred this hypothesis from a paper by Oliver Heaviside.