As early as 1886 he saw that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits ; the same idea as was used decades later to produce digital computers.

They expanded the range of geometry to many new kinds of figures, curves, surfaces, and solids ; they changed its methodology from trial-and-error to logical deduction ; they recognized that geometry studies " eternal forms ", or abstractions, of which physical objects are only approximations ; and they developed the idea of the " axiomatic method ", still in use today.

Logical positivism ( also known as logical empiricism, scientific philosophy, and neo-positivism ) is a philosophy that combines empiricism — the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge — with a version of rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico-linguistic constructs and deductions of epistemology.

In the years between the two works Wittgenstein came to reject the idea that underpinned logical atomism, that there were ultimate " simples " from which a language should, or even could, be constructed.

The ludibrium of luck, chance, or chaos theory have determinist implications, as a logical consequence of the idea of predictability.

As a logical consequence, the meaning of history is known only through the knowledge of God ( an idea similar to this can be found in the speculations of Augustine of Hippo and some Calvinist philosophers, such as Herman Dooyeweerd ).

The philosophical significance of such a method for Wittgenstein was that it alleviated a confusion, namely the idea that logical inferences are justified by rules.

To recant Mill's original idea in an empiricist twist: " Indeed, the very principles of logical deduction are true because we observe that using them leads to true conclusions.

In particular, the idea that the meaning of a sentence was determined by its Deep Structure ( taken to its logical conclusions by the generative semanticists during the same period ) was dropped for good by Chomskyan linguists when LF took over this role ( previously, Chomsky and Ray Jackendoff had begun to argue that meaning was determined by both Deep and Surface Structure ).

This idea was taken to its logical extreme by William Gibson in the Sprawl trilogy, the Sprawl being the Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis ( defined by the primary super-expressway ), or BAMA.

Indeed, some might even say, solipsism is necessarily incoherent, a self-refuting idea, for to make an appeal to logical rules or empirical evidence the solipsist would implicitly have to affirm the very thing in which he or she purportedly refuses to believe: the ' reality ' of intersubjectively valid criteria, and / or of a public, extra-mental world.

The idea to learn Hasidic mystical texts with similar logical profundity, derives from the unique approach in the works of the Rebbes of Chabad, initiated by its founder Schneur Zalman of Liadi, to systematically investigate and articulate the " Torah of the Baal Shem Tov " in intellectual forms.

The idea of synchronicity is that the conceptual relationship of minds, defined as the relationship between ideas, is intricately structured in its own logical way and gives rise to relationships that are not causal in nature.

The new methodological approaches of the processual research paradigm include logical positivism ( the idea that all aspects of culture are accessible through the material record ), the use of quantitative data, and the hypothetico-deductive model ( scientific method of observation and hypothesis testing ).

In logic in Islamic philosophy, systematic refutations of Greek logic were written by the Illuminationist school, founded by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ( 1155-1191 ), who developed the idea of " decisive necessity ", an important innovation in the history of logical philosophical speculation.

Systematic refutations of Greek logic were written by the Illuminationist school, founded by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ( 1155 – 1191 ), who developed the idea of " decisive necessity ", an important innovation in the history of logical philosophical speculation.

Systematic refutations of Greek logic were written by the Illuminationist school, founded by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ( 1155 – 1191 ), who developed the idea of " decisive necessity ", an important innovation in the history of logical philosophical speculation.

Gentzen ( 1934 ) further introduced the idea of the sequent calculus, a calculus advanced in a similar spirit that better expressed the duality of the logical connectives, and went on to make fundamental advances in the formalisation of intuitionistic logic, and provide the first combinatorial proof of the consistency of Peano arithmetic.

It may be specially noticed that he distinguishes between the mental result and its verbal expression judgment-proposition, that he constantly employs the word " idea ," and that he defines logical truth as " convenientia signorum cum rebus significatis " ( or " propositionis convenientia cum rebus ipsis ," Syn.

Thus the unification of the four provinces in the Union of South Africa, the idea of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and, finally, the great whole resulting from the combination of the peoples of the earth in a great league of nations were but a logical progression consistent with his philosophical tenets.

* Sacks, G. ( September 4, 2005 ) “ Boys without fathers is not a logical new idea .” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette ( Little Rock, Arkansas )

The idea of superrationality is that two logical thinkers analyzing the same problem will think of the same correct answer.

The concept was invented by the self-declared World Citizen Garry Davis in 1949, as a logical extension of the idea of individuals declaring themselves world citizens, and promoted by Robert Sarrazac, a former leader of the French Résistance who created the Human Front of World Citizens in 1945.

Whilst not amenable to a strictly logical examination, Spengler's idea of the culture is, he claims, justifiable through the existence of recurrent patterns of development and decline across the 1, 000 years of each culture's active lifetime.

In the 19th century, legal positivists rejected the idea that international law could come from any source that did not involve state will or consent, but were prepared to allow for the application of general principles of law, provided that they had in some way been accepted by states as part of the legal order.

I mean such concepts as the presence of the supernatural in human affairs, the sacraments of grace and divine retribution, the idea of preordainment ( the oracle over Oedipus, the prophecy of the witches to Macbeth, or God's covenant with His people in Athalie ).

The trouble is that at first glance the idea looks like such a good one.

Sir -- Permit me to commend your editorial in which you stress the fact that a program of county colleges will substantially increase local tax burdens and that taxpayers have a right to a clear idea of what such a program would commit them to.

But although the idea of communism is very old even in More's day and did not spring full-clad from his imagination in 1515, it is not communism as such that we are concerned with.

The idea has received much attention in philosophy, in literature, and in a few works of general social criticism, such as The Sane Society.

He contends this idea doesn't conflict with experiments on which the principle of conservation of matter and energy is based because some slight error must be assumed in such experiments.

His recent experience in motor car advertising, a love for cars of themselves, the existence of A-Z's useless Wisconsin set-up, exposure to exciting conceptions of Hamrick's that nobody would buy, and the coincidental recent failure of a respected but out-dated small-car manufacturer called Ticonderoga Motors had given him an idea of such dimensions he was almost afraid to broach it.

The idea that alternative mathematical systems might exist was very troubling to mathematicians of the 19th century and the developers of systems such as Boolean algebra made elaborate efforts to derive them from traditional arithmetic.

Woolfson came up with the idea of making an album based on developments in the film industry, where directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick were the focal point of the film's promotion, rather than individual film stars.

These operations are compounding ( or the addition of one idea onto another, such as a horn on a horse to create a unicorn ); transposing ( or the substitution of one part of a thing with the part from another, such as with the body of a man upon a horse to make a centaur ); augmenting ( as with the case of a giant, whose size has been augmented ); and diminishing ( as with Lilliputians, whose size has been diminished ).

Another problem is that Dutton's categories seek to universalise traditional European notions of aesthetics and art forgetting that, as André Malraux and others have pointed out, there have been large numbers of cultures in which such ideas ( including the idea " art " itself ) were non-existent.

As such, the idea of alcohol for analgesia is generally considered a primitive practice in virtually all industrialized countries today.

One such example is the idea of original sin as a lack of justice.

Chains of abstractions can therefore be constructed moving from neural impulses arising from sensory perception to basic abstractions such as color or shape to experiential abstractions such as a specific cat to semantic abstractions such as the " idea " of a CAT to classes of objects such as " mammals " and even categories such as " object " as opposed to " action ".

This idea has been considered in detail back in time to extreme densities and temperatures, and large particle accelerators have been built to experiment in such conditions, resulting in further development of the model.

That is, when one sees these things for what they are, the idea of forming positions on such metaphysical questions simply does not occ.

Johnson ( 1724 ) described him as " such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea of a fury from hell to look more frightful.

It was Greg Stafford's idea to simplify the rules ( eliminating such things as Strike Ranks and Hit Locations ) and issue them in a 16 page booklet called Basic Role Playing.

Once an idea has been reduced to tangible form, for example by securing it in a fixed medium ( such as a drawing, sheet music, photograph, a videotape, or a computer file ), the copyright holder is entitled to enforce his or her exclusive rights.

Feature films such as Enemy of the State and Shooter, among scores of others, propound conspiracies as a normal state of affairs, having dropped the idea of questioning conspiracies typical of movies of eras prior to about 1970.