So when textbooks, like that of Baker set out drawings of the ' Ptolemaic System ', complete with earth in the center and the seven heavenly bodies epicyclically arranged on their several deferents, we have nothing but a misleading 20th-century idea of what never existed historically.

In the Rigveda, earth and sky are frequently addressed as a duality, often indicated by the idea of two complementary " half-shells.

He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by the same processes still in operation today.

He was, along with the earlier John Playfair, the major advocate of James Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism, that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time.

He puts forward the idea that when men have the opportunity to possess property and work on it, they will “ learn to love the very soil which yields in response to the labor of their hands, not only food to eat, but an abundance of the good things for themselves and those that are dear to them .” He states also that owning property is not only beneficial for a person and their family, but is in fact a right, due to God having “... given the earth for the use and enjoyment of the whole human race ”.

Chinese astronomers, many of them brilliant men by any standards, continued to think in flat-earth terms until the seventeenth century ; this surprising fact might be the starting-point for a re-examination of the apparent facility with which the idea of a spherical earth found acceptance in fifth-century B. C.

The idea of a subterranean realm is also mentioned in the Vedic texts such as the Puranas, according to one story in the Puranas there is an ancient city called Shamballa which is located inside the earth, the belief in Shamballa as a city inside the earth is also found in Tibetan Buddhism.

A book allegedly by a " Dr. Raymond Bernard " which appeared in 1964, The Hollow Earth, exemplifies the idea of UFOs coming from inside the earth.

The writer David Hatcher Childress authored Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth ( 1998 ) in which he reprinted the stories of Palmer and defended the hollow earth idea based on alleged tunnel systems beneath South America and central Asia.

However, a new translation of two stanzas of the Rig Veda indicate that the Brahmins may have had the idea, common among small-scale societies around the world, that an individual cycles back and forth between the earth and a heavenly realm of ancestors.

However, his mockery of the idea of a round earth was criticised by Copernicus as " childish ".

The US military studied the idea of what was referred to as the earth satellite vehicle when Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal, made a public announcement on December 29, 1948 that his office was coordinating that project between the various services.

The idea that the earth moved around the sun, as advocated by Copernicus, was to most of his contemporaries doubtful.

The idea of a post-tribulation rapture can also be read into 2 Peter 3: 10-13 where Christ's return is equated with the " elements being melted " and " the earth also and the works therein shall be burned up.

Another feature of the pre-and mid-tribulation beliefs is the idea that after the Rapture, Christ will return for a third time ( when also counting the first coming ) to set up his kingdom on the earth.

Many UUs reject the idea of deities and instead speak of the " spirit of life " that binds all life on earth.

He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geology text, and developed Hutton's idea that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time.

* Vapor canopy, creationist idea that earth was surrounded by a " canopy " of water

Pyrrha is distraught at the idea of desecrating her mother ’ s honor by digging up her bones, but Deucalion correctly reasons that Themis is referring to great mother earth, as Themis would never advise someone to commit a crime.

The Church has always fought against this idea, beginning with its 1st and 2nd century controversies with the Gnostics of that day, including the assertion that Jesus is identified as an embodiment of the supreme being who became incarnate to bring gnōsis to the earth, as held by some Gnostic sects.

This idea is not limited to western practice: the ancient Chinese categorized instruments into eight categories of materials ( silk, bamboo, wood, gourd, earth, stone, metal, and skin ).

" which argued that the " Bible, alongside our senses, supported the idea that the earth was flat and immovable and this essential truth should not be set aside for a system based solely on human conjecture ".

His writings reflected a combination of what has been called meta-history ( ultimate redemption ) and history, including the idea that part of the problem on earth was dishonesty not only among individuals, but also among nations.

Accordingly, it is a fact, as far as I am informed, that England was, until we copied her, the only country on earth which ever, by a general law, gave a legal right to the exclusive use of an idea.

`` It was Brenner's idea '', Jess mumbled, dabbing at his nose.

He had no idea which was up and which was down.

Beyond the two basic tasks mentioned above, no attention was paid by statesman or scholar to an idea of state responsibility, either internally or externally.

Despite the clarity of his presentation, his idea was not of Einsteinian calibre.

To get an idea of the embarrassment and chagrin that was heaped upon Wright and Olgivanna, we should bear in mind that the raids were sometimes led by Miriam in person.

Apparently still sensitive about the idea with which General Gates had approached him at Saratoga, namely, that George Washington be replaced, Morgan was vehement in his support of the commander-in-chief during the campaign around Philadelphia.

Their policy ran counter to the traditional idea that a good fighter was usually a libertine, and that in sex affairs `` God-given passion '' was a proof of manliness.

Yet, the idea imbedded in each was identical: to surround the unknown with mystery and to isolate that class which had been given special dominion over the secrets of God.

The idea was not even suggested because political expediency prevailed over wisdom.

He had no idea where he was.

He realized that he had no idea where the telephone was.

Although Mr. Brown was not himself its inventor ( it was a French idea ), it is typical that his intuition first conceived the importance of mass producing this basic tool for general use.

While Mr. Blatz was putting up the pegboards and starting the workbench, Mr. Crombie told him of this idea about paneling the whole end of the cellar.

Instructions to relax, i.e., to be `` spontaneous '', and react immediately to whatever impulse they might have, was not sufficiently reassuring until some idea of the possibilities of normal reactions had been given.

By this time Churchill was not so cordial toward moving Poland westward as he had been at Teheran, where he and Eden had both heartily approved the idea.

The dated poems also give us an idea of the degree to which Hardy drew upon past productions for his various volumes, and therefore probably are an indication of the amount of poetry he was writing at the time.

For weeks he had been saying that Hudson's idea of sailing through to Java was absurd.

And it was Lucy Upton who first started the idea of a regular course in Music at Spelman College.

That, incidentally, might give you some idea of what Felix was like.

Well, it hadn't been what it seemed, he'd had no idea the girl was in there.

This was senseless -- he had no idea what to look for.

`` I'll get my references in order '', Needham said, and though he spoke with a smile, Casey somehow got the idea that he was not particularly amused.