Merging with the indigenous peoples, they gave rise to the Balts, a distinct Indo-European ethnic group whose descendants are the present-day Lithuanian and Latvian nations and the former Old Prussians.

His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures.

Together with earlier arrivals to the United States ( including the indigenous American Indians, Hispanic and Latino Americans, particularly in the West, Southwest, and Texas ; African Americans who came to the United States in the Atlantic slave trade ; and early colonial migrants from Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere ), these new waves of immigrants had a pro profound impact on national or regional cuisine.

In India some intellectual references of the movement can be found in the works of Vandana Shiva, an ecologist and feminist, who in her book Biopiracy documents the way that the natural capital of indigenous peoples and ecoregions is converted into forms of intellectual capital, which are then recognized as exclusive commercial property without sharing the private utility thus derived.

Ptolemy, who must come the closest to representing indigenous names, lists the Lochra River just south of a feature he calls the " sandy shore " on the southwest coast.

Continuing Arab disquiet over Allied intentions also led during 1918 to the British Declaration to the Seven and the Anglo-French Declaration, the latter promising " the complete and final liberation of the peoples who have for so long been oppressed by the Turks, and the setting up of national governments and administrations deriving their authority from the free exercise of the initiative and choice of the indigenous populations.

Despite such diversity, it is possible to classify the indigenous people into three major cultural groups: the northern people, who developed rich handicrafts and were influenced by pre-Incan cultures ; the Araucanian culture, who inhabited the area between the river Choapa and the island of Chiloé, and lived primarily off agriculture ; and the Patagonian culture Patagonia composed of various nomadic tribes, who supported themselves through fishing and hunting ( and who in Pacific / Pacific Coast immigration scenario would be descended partly from the most ancient settlers ).

A mobile people who engaged in trade and warfare with other indigenous groups, they lived in scattered family clusters and small villages.

Archeological evidence suggests that, before Columbus ' arrival, the indigenous Guanajatabey, who had inhabited the island for centuries, were driven to the west of Cuba by the arrival of two subsequent waves of migrants, the Taíno and Ciboney.

Velázquez, who had become Governor of Cuba relocating from Baracoa to Santiago de Cuba, was given the task of apportioning both the land and the indigenous Cubans to groups throughout the new colony.

Because of this it could not raise a strong resistance against invaders, and were easily defeated and subjugated by the Shyris, ancient indigenous people who joined the Kingdom of Quito.

The great majority of Ecuadorans trace their origins to one or more of three geographical sources of Human migrations: the pre-Hispanic indigenous Amerindians who settled the region over 15, 000 years ago, the Europeans ( principally Spaniards ) who arrived over 5 centuries ago, and ultimately the black sub-Saharan Africans whom they imported as slave labour during the same period.

The second most numerous group are the indigenous Amerindians ( in Spanish indígenas, amerindios, or more controversially, indios ), who account for approximately 20 % of the population.

The indigenous population has established itself as a significant force in Ecuadorian politics, as shown by the selection of indigenous representative Nina Pacari, who led the indigenous political party, Pachakutik, as second vice president of the 1969 Congress.

Eskimos ( or Esquimaux ) or Inuit – Yupik ( for Alaska: Inupiat – Yupik ) peoples are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia ( Russia ), across Alaska ( United States ), Canada, and Greenland.

The Yupik are indigenous or aboriginal peoples who live along the coast of western Alaska, especially on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta and along the Kuskokwim River ( Central Alaskan Yup ' ik ), in southern Alaska ( the Alutiiq ) and along the eastern coast of Chukotka in the Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island in western Alaska ( the Siberian Yupik ).

Among indigenous Australians, it is forbidden to use the name, image, or audio-visual recording of the deceased ; the Australian Broadcasting Corporation now publishes a warning to indigenous Australians when using names, images or audio-visual recordings of people who have died.

Starting in 1209 additional crusades were called for by Konrad of Masovia, who sought more to conquer Prussian territory than actually convert the indigenous Prussians.

Conflict broke out between the French and the indigenous islanders in November 1649 and fighting lasted for five years until 1654, when the last opposition to the French on Grenada was crushed-although the island continued for some time after to suffer raids by war canoe parties from St. Vincent, who had aided the local Grenadan islanders in their struggle and continued to oppose the French.

In the east, where the Europeans did not settle, most indigenous groups survived.

When Panama was colonized, the indigenous peoples who survived many diseases, massacres and enslavement of the conquest ultimately fled into the forest and nearby islands.

" Though the first French and British colonizers of Canada interpreted the hereditary nature of some indigenous North American chieftainships as a form of monarchy, it is generally accepted that Canada has been a territory of a monarch or a monarchy in its own right only since the establishment of New France in the early 17th century ; according to historian Jacques Monet, the Canadian Crown is one of the few that have survived through uninterrupted succession since before its inception.

Before the arrival of the First Fleet of Europeans at Sydney in 1788, indigenous Australians survived off the often unique native flora and fauna of the Australian bush, for between 40, 000 and 60, 000 years.

The Wiradjuri people () or Wirraayjuurray people () are a group of indigenous people of Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter – fisher – gatherers in family groups or clans scattered throughout central New South Wales.

In fact, it was estimated that the majority of all the indigenous inhabitants of the New World perished due to contact and contamination with those Old World diseases, while those that survived were killed by warfare with each other and with Europeans.

In general terms, Mesopotamian civilization survived the arrival of Amorites, as the indigenous Sumerian-Akkadian civilization had survived domination during the restless period that had preceded the rise of the Third Dynasty of Ur.

These techniques quickly established themselves as the mainstream techniques, but indigenous techniques still survived.

The Nenets people are an indigenous tribe that have long survived in this region.

More of a banquet than a meal, the rijsttafel has survived Indonesia's independence, composed as it is of indigenous Indonesian dishes, and is served in some mainstream restaurants in Indonesia.

No indigenous people survived the consequent epidemics.

The Darug people are a group of indigenous people of Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter – fisher – gatherers in family groups or clans scattered throughout much of what is modern day Sydney.

The Wonnarua people (), a group of indigenous people of Australia, are those Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter – fisher – gatherers in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia.

The Eora people (), a group of indigenous people of Australia, are those Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter – fisher – gatherers in family groups or clans scattered along the coastal area of what is now known as the Sydney basin, in New South Wales, Australia.

Arawak indigenous culture ( in Puerto Rico, specifically that of the Taíno Amerindian ), though destroyed by Spanish slave owners, survived through its miscegenated descendants and, as the first fusion of a non-European language to Spanish, became the major tying force which brought together all the other cultural contributions which would soon come.

Two pictorial accounts painted in the stylised indigenous pictographic tradition have survived ; these are the Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, which was probably painted in Ciudad Vieja in the 1530s, and the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, painted in Tlaxcala.

The garden, which contains plants from all over Australia as well as those indigenous to the area, has four main sections, the rainforest gully, the sandstone heath on the site of the quarry, the Federation Cascades built in 2001 to commemorate the centenary of the federation of Australia, and the primitive plant section, with examples of plant species that have survived for millions of years.

Sophisticated successive cultures of precolonial peoples indigenous peoples, such as the Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian, built monumental earthworks as part of their religious and political expression: mounds and walled enclosures, some of which have survived to the present.

Although the cathedral was built according to international trends, a close examination of what has survived of its original facade, its originally indigenous nature can be noted.

A third use of the term pertains specifically to the indigenous peoples of the Americas, for instance, " In the 16th century, many Americans died from imported diseases during the European conquest ".

During the period leading up to the conquest of Honduras by Pedro de Alvarado, many indigenous people along the north coast of Honduras were captured and taken as slaves to work on Spain's Caribbean plantations.

The evidence from indigenous sources is even more interesting, both in the commentaries about her role, and in her prominence in the drawings made of conquest events.

Accounts written by the Spanish at time of their conquest ( the conquistadores ) and by indigenous chroniclers of the post-conquest period constitute the principal source of information regarding Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest.

The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.

There is no accurate knowledge of size of the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the isthmus at the time of the European conquest.

Following the Spanish conquest and colonization, a large mixed ( mestizo ) population developed, which spoke the language of their indigenous mothers but adopted much of their fathers ' Spanish culture.

After the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, Quechua continued to see considerable usage, as the " general language " and main means of communication between the Spaniards and the indigenous population, including for the Roman Catholic Church as a language of evangelisation.

Their conquest of Sierra Leone occupied the ensuing 15 to 20 years, and resulted in the subjugation of all or nearly all of the indigenous coastal peoples — who were known collectively as the Sapes — as far north as the Scarcies.

The Spanish conquest of the indigenous peoples in the Americas included using the Natives as forced labour, part of the wider Atlantic slave trade.

In response to those opposing the independence of Biafra, the solicitor for the indigenous people of Biafra made a strong argument in both national and international law asserting that what Nigeria got after the Biafra War of Independence was a military conquest and not a political victory.

Before the Spanish conquest, the area that now is El Salvador was composed of three indigenous states and several principalities.

The conquest was of the Chibchan speaking nations, mainly the Muisca and Tairona indigenous people that lived here.

The former is conquest of the campaign, led by Hernán Cortés from 1519 – 21 and his Tlaxcala and other ' indigenous peoples ' allied against the Mexica / Aztec empire.

The population before the time of the conquest is unknown and hotly contested, but disease is known to have ravaged the region ; thus, the indigenous population of the Valley of Mexico is estimated to have declined by more than 80 % in the course of about 60 years.

The 400, 000 Japanese inhabitants of Sakhalin ( including all indigenous Ainu ) were deported following the conquest of the southern portion of the island by the Soviet Union in 1945 at the end of World War II.

Between 1549 and 1553, after his arrival back in Santiago, Valdivia again undertook the conquest of southern Chile, but faced heavy resistance from the indigenous population.

It has also been suggested that the Spanish conquest of Mesoamerica influenced the history of the botanical garden as gardens in Tenochtitlan established by king Nezahualcoyotl, also gardens in Chalco and elsewhere greatly impressed the Spanish invaders, not only with their appearance but also because the indigenous Aztecs employed many more medicinal plants than did the classical world of Europe.

There is also speculation in Peter Salway's History of Roman Britain that Seneca had been involved in forcing large loans on the indigenous British aristocracy in the aftermath of Claudius's Roman conquest of Britain, and then calling them in suddenly and aggressively.

The modern usage of " ethnic group " further came to reflect the different kinds of encounters industrialised states have had with external groups, such as immigrants and indigenous peoples ; " ethnic " thus came to stand in opposition to " national ", to refer to people with distinct cultural identities who, through migration or conquest, had become subject to a state or " nation " with a different cultural mainstream.

Aguilar, now quite fluent in Yucatec Maya as well as some other indigenous languages, would prove to be a valuable asset for Cortés as a translator, a skill of particular significance to the later conquest of the Aztec Empire which would be the end result of Cortés ' expedition.

Strictly speaking, the Guanches were the indigenous peoples of Tenerife, where the population seems to have lived in relative isolation up to the time of the Castilian conquest, around the 14th century ( though Genoese, Portuguese, and Castilians may have visited there from the second half of the 8th century onwards ).

Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements ( e. g., the Islamic-Arabic conquest of the Berbers ) have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands " and the " results support, from a maternal perspective, the supposition that since the end of the 16th century, at least, two-thirds of the Canarian population had an indigenous substrate, as was previously inferred from historical and anthropological data.