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The intensity of the signal measured by in vivo imaging may depend on various factors, such as D-luciferin absorption through the peritoneum, blood flow, cell membrane permeability, availability of co-factors, intracellular pH and transparency of overlying tissue, in addition to the amount of luciferase.
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intensity and signal
By this standard, it is determined that where two stations operating on the same frequency are involved, objectionable interference from station A exists at any point within the service area of station B where station A's signal is of an intensity one-twentieth or more of the strength of station B's signal at that point.
For example, changes in signal strength may be used to specify the sounds to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light intensity of television pixels.
* MRI of the brain — often shows high signal intensity in the caudate nucleus and putamen bilaterally on T2-weighted images.
The image displayed by an SEM maps the varying intensity of any of these signals into the image in a position corresponding to the position of the beam on the specimen when the signal was generated.
Greater intensity of stimulation does not produce a stronger signal but can produce a higher frequency of firing.
Nociceptors have a certain threshold ; that is, they require a minimum intensity of stimulation before they trigger a signal.
BSE are often used in analytical SEM along with the spectra made from the characteristic X-rays, because the intensity of the BSE signal is strongly related to the atomic number ( Z ) of the specimen.
Each pixel of computer videomemory is synchronised with the position of the beam on the specimen in the microscope, and the resulting image is therefore a distribution map of the intensity of the signal being emitted from the scanned area of the specimen.
The amplified electrical signal output by the photomultiplier is displayed as a two-dimensional intensity distribution that can be viewed and photographed on an analogue video display, or subjected to analog-to-digital conversion and displayed and saved as a digital image.
Developed by Prof. Ivan Almar and Prof. H. Paul Shuch, the scale evaluates the significance of transmissions from Earth as a function of signal intensity and information content.
: is the optical intensity of the input signal ( in watts per square meter ).
In the special case where the input signal is small compared to the saturation intensity, in other words,
Such samples have a continuous Fourier spectrum that uniformly spreads its amplitude thereby reducing the measured signal intensity, as is observed in SAXS.
LPC analyzes the speech signal by estimating the formants, removing their effects from the speech signal, and estimating the intensity and frequency of the remaining buzz.
The numbers which describe the intensity and frequency of the buzz, the formants, and the residue signal, can be stored or transmitted somewhere else.
However radio signals may be carried by electromagnetic radiation ; the intensity of the radiation ( amplitude modulation ) or the frequency of the radiation ( frequency modulation ) is oscillated and then the individual oscillations are varied ( modulated ) to produce the signal.
In optical communications, intensity modulation ( IM ) is a form of modulation in which the optical power output of a source is varied in accordance with some characteristic of the modulating signal.
Multipath waves combine at the receiver antenna, resulting in a received signal that may vary widely, depending on the distribution of the intensity and relative propagation time of the waves and bandwidth of the transmitted signal.
The signal strength typically is controlled by varying either intensity ( intensity-response function ) or contrast ( contrast-response function ).
* Attenuation, a reduction in amplitude and intensity of a signal
After passing a pinhole, the light intensity is detected by a photodetection device ( usually a photomultiplier tube ( PMT ) or avalanche photodiode ), transforming the light signal into an electrical one that is recorded by a computer.
The diagnosis of PMD is often first suggested after identification by magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) of abnormal white matter ( high T2 signal intensity, i. e. T2 lengthening ) throughout the brain, which is typically evident by about 1 year of age, but more subtle abnormalities should be evident during infancy.
intensity and measured
The low intensity of the radiation from Saturn has limited observations, but again the measured radiation seems to be consistent with a thermal origin.
This obviously also includes a reduction of the measured intensity due to radiation scattering or molecular absorption, which is corrected in the same way.
The luminous intensity of light-emitting diodes is measured in millicandela ( mcd ), or thousandths of a candela.
It should be noted that only the intensity of a light field can be measured – this is proportional to the square of the amplitude.
Then, considering all three colour channels, and assuming that the colour channels are expressed in a γ = 1 colour space ( that is to say, the measured values are proportional to light intensity ), we have:
The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current, the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes.
Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either charge-coupled device ( CCD ) or complementary metal – oxide – semiconductor ( CMOS ) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level.
In pain science, thresholds are measured by gradually increasing the intensity of a stimulus such as electric current or heat applied to the body.
The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state.
Bentham says that the value of a pleasure or pain, considered by itself, can be measured according to its intensity, duration, certainty / uncertainty and propinquity / remoteness.
In crystals with significant symmetry, even more reflections may have the same intensity ( Bijvoet mates ); in such cases, even less of the reciprocal space may need to be measured.
The energy or intensity decreases ( divided by 4 ) as the distance r is doubled ; measured in dB it would decrease by 6. 02 dB per doubling of distance.
In acoustics, the sound pressure of a spherical wavefront radiating from a point source decreases by 50 % as the distance r is doubled ; measured in dB, the decrease is still 6. 02 dB, since dB represents an intensity ratio.
where λ < sub > 0 </ sub > is the vacuum wavelength of the light, and 2w < sub > 0 </ sub > is the diameter of the beam at its narrowest spot, measured between the 1 / e < sup > 2 </ sup > irradiance points (" Full width at e < sup >− 2 </ sup > maximum of the intensity ").
Where I is the intensity of the beam of light ( measured in e. g. W ⋅ m < sup >− 2 </ sup >).
Since 1978 Microwave sounding units ( MSUs ) on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen, which is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere.
Since 1979, microwave sounding units ( MSUs ) on NOAA polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen.
Then the intensity of this remaining ( single-wavelength ) light is measured.
The measured intensity directly indicates how much light is emitted at that wavelength.
The severity of a hearing impairment is ranked according to the additional intensity above a nominal threshold that a sound must be before being detected by an individual ; it is ( measured in decibels of hearing loss, or dB HL ).
Although lower on the moment magnitude scale than the quake of September 2010, the intensity and violence of the ground shaking was measured to be VIII on the MMI and among the strongest ever recorded globally in an urban area due to the shallowness and proximity of the epicentre.
where A is the measured absorbance, is the intensity of the incident light at a given wavelength, is the transmitted intensity, L the pathlength through the sample, and c the concentration of the absorbing species.
The scanning monochromator moves the diffraction grating to " step-through " each wavelength so that its intensity may be measured as a function of wavelength.
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