This development resulted in a split of accounting systems for internal ( i. e. management accounting ) and external ( i. e. financial accounting ) purposes, and subsequently also in accounting and disclosure regulations and a growing need for independent attestation of external accounts by auditors.

The vast majority of companies covered by the Act have hired internal auditors to ensure that the company adheres to required standards of internal control.

In 2002, a small team of internal auditors at WorldCom worked together, often at night and in secret, to investigate and unearth $ 3. 8 billion in fraud.

External auditors are required to issue an opinion on whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects by management.

Outside auditors of non-accelerated filers however opine or test internal controls under PCAOB ( Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ) Auditing Standards for years ending after December 15, 2008.

Risk assessments performed by internal auditors are entirely different.

Such an audit is called an integrated audit, where auditors, in addition to an opinion on the financial statements, must also express an opinion on the effectiveness of a company's internal control over financial reporting, in accordance with PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5.

For publicly-traded companies, external auditors may also be required to express an opinion over the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting.

For publicly-traded companies, external auditors may also be required to express an opinion over the effectiveness of internal controls over Cost reporting.

Due to the requirement of Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 for management to also assess the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting ( as also required of the external auditor ), internal auditors are utilized to make this assessment.

Though internal auditors are not considered independent of the company they perform audit procedures for, internal auditors of publicly-traded companies are required to report directly to the board of directors, or a sub-committee of the board of directors, and not to management, so to reduce the risk that internal auditors will be pressured to produce favorable assessments.

The consultant auditor may work independently, or as part of the audit team that includes internal auditors.

Many organizations separately employ or hire internal auditors, who do not attest to financial reports but focus mainly on the internal controls of the organization.

And Zen Buddhism, though it is extremely difficult to understand how these internal contradictions are reconciled, helps them in their struggle to achieve personal salvation through sexual release.

Commonly used electronic devices which are found in practically every hospital are closed-circuit TV and audio systems for internal paging and instruction, along with radiation counters, timers, and similar devices.

These frequencies are amplified and detected by the FM receiver after each burst of transmitted energy and, after the `` pill '' has been calibrated, precise internal pressure indications can be obtained.

that they perceive new internal and environmental situations as `` threatening '' until they are tested and proved otherwise.

Basically, this means that simpler processing equipment ( the mixture has good flowing characteristics ) and less external heat ( the foaming reaction is exothermic and develops internal heat ) are required in one-shot foaming, although, at the same time, the problems of controlling the conditions of one-shot foaming are critical ones.

The internal losses are due to absorption and the small but finite losses suffered in the numerous internal reflections due to deviations from the prescribed, cylindrical fiber cross-section and minute imperfections of the core-jacket interface.

Lacking reliable data for some of the variables, we are relying on experimental data of about 20 percent internal losses for 1/4-inch long, small ( 5 - 10 M ) diameter fibers.

Since we are considering here relatively small diameter ( 1 - 1.5 inches ) fiber plates, their average thickness can be kept below 1/4 inch and their internal losses may be assumed as 15 percent ( per plate ).

The lungs in amphibians are primitive compared to those of amniotes, possessing few internal septa and large alveoli and consequently having a comparatively slow diffusion rate for oxygen entering the blood.

In the Standard Model of physics, electrons are truly elementary particles with no internal structure.

By some estimates, this might account for most of the internal radiation damage, as the recoil nuclei are typically heavy metals which preferentially collect on the chromosomes.

" This internal destruction can be found as early as the first chapter as Paul comments that, although all the boys are young, their youth has left them.

This is because many species are unable to regulate their internal body temperature.

Armored cars are popular for peacekeeping or internal security duties.

This accompanied or facilitated other important evolutionary developments: the bilaterian body plan ; the coelom, an internal cavity that provided space for a circulatory system and, in some animals, formed a hydrostatic skeleton which enables worm-like animals to burrow ; metamerism, in which the body was built of repeated " modules " which could later specialize, for example the heads of most arthropods are composed of fused, specialized segments.

In addition to undergoing the reactions characteristic of internal alkynes, terminal alkynes are reactive as weak acids, with pK < sub > a </ sub > values ( 25 ) between that of ammonia ( 35 ) and ethanol ( 16 ).

It is assumed that internal interaction forces obey Newton's third law of motion in its strong form, that is, that the forces between particles are equal and opposite and act along the line between the particles.

With no serious external or internal threats, the armed forces are searching for a new role.

Brunei's leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion although it has taken steps to become a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 APEC ( Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation ) forum.

The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory ( excite the target cell ); others are inhibitory ; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways.

While primarily utilised for ceremonial purposes, the regiment can be deployed for internal security or police roles if required.

The Center for American Progress issued a report in March 2010 that said a smooth implementation of an end to DADT required eight specified changes to the military's internal regulations.

It includes the internal energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure.

This internal energy also includes the energy required for activation and the breaking of bonded compounds into gaseous species.

The internal landing gear would have been too small to carry the weight of the fully fueled rocket, so emergency landings would have required the fuel to be dumped.

Hats and coats are still required while doing outdoor activities in cold weather to prevent frostbite and hypothermia, but the hair on the human body does help to keep the internal temperature regulated.

Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of gas turbines.

An internal combustion engine is not usually self-starting so an auxiliary machine is required to start it.

Knowledge of internal medicine is required to obtain certification.

Hence, the use of the operational amplifier is simplified because no external compensation is required for unity gain stability ; amplifiers without this internal compensation such as the 748 may require external compensation or closed-loop gains significantly higher than unity.

The army's role is to protect against external aggression, provide for internal security in support of the police, and to carry out civic action and relief operations when required.

To these rules we must add a further one for closed loops that implies an integration on momenta, since these internal (" virtual ") particles are not constrained to any specific energy-momentum-even that usually required by special relativity ( see this article for details ).

In steam engines and internal combustion engines, valves are required to allow the entry and exit of gasses at the correct times in the piston's cycle.

In the caponization procedure, the bird's testes are completely removed ; a surgical procedure is required for this as the rooster's sexual organs are internal.

All citizens are required to carry internal passports, noting place of residence — a practice carried over from the Soviet era.

States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states, and so a “ manifest ” violation is required such that it would be “ objectively evident to any State dealing with the matter ".

The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.

* using simple internal data structures, reducing flexibility and improvement scope while improving determinability required for Real-time operating systems.

As an example, a meter movement that required 1 milliamp for full scale deflection, with an internal resistance of 500 ohms, would, on a 10-volt range of the multimeter, have 9, 500 ohms of series resistance.

If an end user interaction with dates and times is required, the software will nearly always convert this internal number into a date and time representation that is comprehensible to humans.