Existing spacecraft are tracked by their interactions with the transmitters of the Deep Space Network ( DSN ), in effect an inverse GPS.

* Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect: The hot electrons in the intracluster medium scatter radiation from the cosmic microwave background through inverse Compton scattering.

Rod Beckstrom presented a mathematical model for describing networks that are in a state of positive network effect at BlackHat and Defcon in 2009 and also presented the " inverse network effect " with an economic model for defining it as well.

The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in production of ultrasonic sound waves.

* Apply an equalizer at the receiver, that, broadly speaking, attempts to undo the effect of the channel by applying an inverse filter.

It shows how astronomical observations prove the inverse square law of gravitation ( to an accuracy that was high by the standards of Newton's time ); offers estimates of relative masses for the known giant planets and for the Earth and the Sun ; defines the very slow motion of the Sun relative to the solar-system barycenter ; shows how the theory of gravity can account for irregularities in the motion of the Moon ; identifies the oblateness of the figure of the Earth ; accounts approximately for marine tides including phenomena of spring and neap tides by the perturbing ( and varying ) gravitational attractions of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's waters ; explains the precession of the equinoxes as an effect of the gravitational attraction of the Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge ; and gives theoretical basis for numerous phenomena about comets and their elongated, near-parabolic orbits.

* 1969-R. A. Sunyaev and Yakov Zel ' dovich study the inverse Compton scattering of microwave background photons by hot electrons ( see Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect )

In this case, the inverse Fahraeus – Lindquist effect occurs and the wall shear stress increases.

The reasons for this lack of precipitation is mostly the marked rain shadow effect caused by hills to the west of the Alicante Province ( and, to a lesser degree, those in the northern part of the province which, in turn, enhance the inverse Orographic lift effect around Cap de la Nau ).

In mathematics, the inverse of a function is a function that, in some fashion, " undoes " the effect of ( see inverse function for a formal and detailed definition ).

Since a double negation has no logical effect, the inverse of the inverse is logically equivalent to the original conditional.

When the spectral lines are absorption lines, the effect is called inverse Zeeman effect.

The inverse of this, if an image is captured at speeds above that at which they will be presented, the effect is to greatly slow down ( slow motion ) the image.

This was, however, quickly shown to be impossible, due to inverse Compton effect cooling of the fireball.

That is why it is used to form emitter-coupled amplifiers ( avoiding Miller effect ), phase splitter circuits ( obtaining two inverse voltages ), ECL gates and switches ( avoiding transistor saturation ), etc.

Under a positive NAO index ( NAO +), regional reduction in atmospheric pressure results in a regional rise in sea level due to the ' inverse barometer effect '.

This takes advantage of the best defense and offense in the game, in effect turning a wizard from a powerful squishy into a nearly indestructible offensive cannon, and breaking the offense-defense inverse relationship considered central to balancing a game.

The Sunyaev – Zel ' dovich effect ( often abbreviated as the SZ effect ) is the result of high energy electrons distorting the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) through inverse Compton scattering, in which the low energy CMB photons receive an average energy boost during collision with the high energy cluster electrons.

If one assumes that the average flux did not change between measurements, a mass-distribution curve is obtained which relates the flux of particles larger than a given radius to the inverse 7/2 power of the radius.

Therefore, N is inversely proportional to the radius cubed and in fair agreement with the inverse 7/2 power derived from 1958 Alpha and 1959 Eta data.

We have shown that the graph of F contains at least one component whose inverse is the entire interval {0,T}, and whose multiplicity is odd.

The difficulty of analysis of any subsystem in the phonology is an inverse function of the size -- smaller systems are more troublesome -- for any given degree of morphophonemic complexity.

* Inverses: by definition every isomorphism has an inverse which is also an isomorphism, and since the inverse is also an endomorphism of the same object it is an automorphism.

The S-box used is derived from the multiplicative inverse over GF ( 2 < sup > 8 </ sup >), known to have good non-linearity properties.

To avoid attacks based on simple algebraic properties, the S-box is constructed by combining the inverse function with an invertible affine transformation.

This is the inverse of the particle-antiparticle annihilation process.

If and are invertible then is also invertible with inverse.

Either approach is adequate for most uses, provided that one attends to the necessary changes in language, notation, and the definitions of concepts like restrictions, composition, inverse relation, and so on.

A common misconception is to use inverse order of encryption as decryption algorithm ( i. e. first XORing P17 and P18 to the ciphertext block, then using the P-entries in reverse order ).

The decryption algorithm D is defined to be the inverse function of encryption, i. e., D = E < sup >− 1 </ sup >.

The inverse of this mapping ( and its first-order bilinear approximation ) is

Another method is to measure the brightness of an object and assume an intrinsic luminosity, from which the distance may be determined using the inverse square law.

A necessary and sufficient condition for this inverse function to exist is that the determinant of the Jacobian Matrix, often referred to simply as the Jacobian, should be different from zero.

It has an inverse which is denoted.

This formula is true whenever g is differentiable and its inverse f is also differentiable.

Prior to the development of the Boehm system, flutes were most commonly made of wood, with an inverse conical bore, eight keys, and tone holes ( the openings where the fingers are placed to produce specific notes ) that were small in size, and thus easily covered by the fingertips.

In his notes, Newton wrote that the inverse square law arose naturally due to the structure of matter.

In Johnny Cash's Ring of Fire, there is an inverse word painting where ' down, down, down ' is sung to the notes rising, and ' higher ' is sung dropping from a higher to a lower note.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

In particular, some authors use the term ' compression ratio ' to mean ' space savings ', even though the latter is not a ratio ; and others use the term ' compression ratio ' to mean its inverse, even though that equates higher compression ratio with lower compression.

However, the higher harmonics roll off much faster than in a square wave ( proportional to the inverse square of the harmonic number as opposed to just the inverse ).

" More quantitatively, it is one in which the standard deviation of average annual returns declines faster than the inverse of the holding period, implying that the process is not a random walk, but that periods of lower returns are systematically followed by compensating periods of higher returns.

Small subspecies of the Red-billed Chough have higher frequency calls than larger races, as predicted by the inverse relationship between body size and frequency.

" A December 2009 article in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found a statistically significant inverse correlation between higher adherence to a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and stomach cancer.

However, the dimensions of the Laue zones are proportional to the inverse square of the electron energy meaning that more information is recorded at the detector at higher incident electron energies.

This is independent of the particular connection – liquids will also flow from higher to lower if there is a direct path ( a canal ), or if there is a tube that goes below the reservoirs ( an " inverse " siphon ), and these do not depend on siphon effect.

Together the Void Pantograph and the Verification Grid complement each other because the reactions to copying are inverse, resulting in a higher degree of assurance that a hard copy document is an original.

An automated refractor is an instrument that is sometimes used in place of retinoscopy to objectively estimate a person's refractive error .. Shack – Hartmann wavefront sensor and its inverse can also be used to characterize eye aberrations in a higher level of resolution and accuracy.

In words, you want to protect < sub > 1 </ sub > units of inventory for the higher valued segment where < sub > 1 </ sub > is equal to the inverse probability of demand of the revenue ratio of the lower valued segment to the higher valued segment.

In black hole physics, the original derivation of Hawking radiation involved field modes that, near the black hole horizon, have arbitrarily high frequencies — in particular, higher than the inverse Planck time, although these do not appear in the final results.

The average R score is usually in the mid-20s, and there is no maximum or minimum R score since the Z score function ( used to calculate the R score ) is inverse proportional, meaning when the Standard Deviation tends towards 0, the R score will tend towards positive or negative infinity depending on whether the student's average is higher or lower than the group's average.

) In a characteristic turn, Grothendieck reformulated general coherent duality as the existence of a right adjoint functor f < sup > !</ sup >, called twisted or exceptional inverse image functor, to a higher direct image with compact support functor Rf < sub >!</ sub >.

A metal or carbon fiber clip has inverse properties and the clamping tension gets higher as the clip is stretched open further.