Although trade unions in Benin represent up to 75 % of the formal workforce, the large informal economy has been noted by the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITCU ) to contain ongoing problems, including a lack of women's wage equality, the use of child labour, and the continuing issue of forced labour.

* Interface: a journal for and about social movements special issue ( 3 / 2: November 2011 ) " Feminism, women's movements and women in movement ".

Protestant missionaries campaigning against it tried to gain support from humanitarian and women's rights groups in London, where the issue was raised in the House of Commons, and in Kenya itself a person's stance toward FGM became a test of loyalty, either to the Christian churches or to the Kikuyu Central Association.

In 2002, the CJLS returned to the issue of justifying its actions regarding women's status, and adopted a single authoritative approach, the Fine responsum, as the definitive Conservative halakha on role-of-women issues.

The issue of women's right to study at universities was raised during the very last session of the estate parliament in 1865 in a motion from Carl Johan Svensén, a member of the farmers ' estate.

Wilson, after first sidestepping the issue, became a major advocate for the women's suffrage.

By 1851, at the second National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, the issue of women's right to vote had become a central tenet of the women's rights movement.

" On her own, Stanton added a more radical point to the list of grievances and to the resolutions: the issue of women's voting rights.

The American suffragist and abolitionist Lucy Stone ( 1818 – 1893 ), made a national issue of the right to keep one's own surname as part of her efforts for women's rights in the U. S. Women who choose not to use their husbands ' surnames have been called " Lucy Stoners " ever since.

Such changes included rising interest in socialism, attention to the plight of the poor and the status of women, including the issue of women's suffrage, together with increased economic opportunities as a result of rapid industrialisation.

When Mao came to power in 1949, he addressed the issue of women's rights and tried to establish women's equality through the " iron girls " of national development ideal.

The book discussed female ejaculation and brought the issue back into discussions of women's sexuality both in the medical community and among the general public.

The issue of women's roles in the church body has continued to be a subject of debate within the Synod.

Seddon's most notable failure to have his way, by contrast, was over the issue of women's suffrage.

Two years later he clashed with Asquith in the House of Commons over the issue of women's suffrage and resigned his seat in order to stand in a by-election in support of the Suffragette movement.

As of 2000, she wrote, referring to " NOW and the other women's organizations " as seeming to be in a " time warp ", " To my mind, there is far too much focus on abortion .... n recent years I've gotten a little uneasy about the movement's narrow focus on abortion as if it were the single, all-important issue for women when it's not " She asked, " Why don't we join forces with all who have true reverence for life, including Catholics who oppose abortion, and fight for the choice to have children?

Academics criticize the research cited by activists, and while acknowledging that men are victims of domestic violence, dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical, arguing that the focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the issue of men's violence against women, and to undermine services to abused women.

The magazine is best known for the hand-tinted fashion plate that appeared at the start of each issue, which provide a record of the progression of women's dress.

While Stanton and Gage maintained their radical positions, they found that the only women's issue really unifying the NAWSA was the move for suffrage.

This is an index of articles related to the issue of feminism, women's liberation, the women's movement, and women's rights.

How else can one explain, for example, allowing the survival of the right to amortize bond discount and premium ( section 381(c)(9) ), but not the right to amortize bond issue expenses ; ;

" The Rail Candidate "— Lincoln's 1860 candidacy is depicted as held up by the slavery issue — a slave on the left and party organization on the right.

But Johnson, with the support of other officials including Seward, insisted that the states, not the federal government, had the right to address the issue of suffrage.

In the beginning of 1222, the discontent serviens ( nobles ) came to Andrew's court in large numbers, and they persuaded the king to issue the Golden Bull which confirmed their privileges, including the right to disobey the King if he acted not in line with the provisions of the Golden Bull ( ius resistendi ).

Besides having the right to sit on a Curule Chair ( sella curulis ) and to wear a toga praetexta, the Curule Aediles also held the power to issue edicts ( jus edicendi ).

If through lack of issue, marriage or both, eventually only one person represents the claims of all the sisters, he or she can claim the dignity as a matter of right, and the abeyance is said to be terminated.

As provincial banking companies merged to form larger banks, they lost their right to issue notes, and the English private banknote eventually disappeared, leaving the Bank of England with a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales.

He remained a self-described " non-factional social democrat " until August 1917 when he joined Lenin and the Bolsheviks as their positions assembled and he came to believe that Lenin was right on the issue of the party.

* in the United States, determining whether the Seventh Amendment's right to a jury trial applies ( a determination of a fact necessary to resolution of a " common law " claim ) or whether the issue will be decided by a judge ( issues of what the law is, and all issues relating to equity ).

The Song government granted several shops the sole right to issue banknotes, and in the early 12th century the government finally took over these shops to produce state-issued currency.

Other libraries do not install content control software, believing that acceptable use policies and educational efforts address the issue of children accessing age-inappropriate content while preserving adult users ' right to freely access information.

In a 2008 essay he " defended the right of programmers to issue work under proprietary licenses because I think that if a programmer wants to write a program and sell it, it's neither my business nor anyone else's but his customer's what the terms of sale are ".

As a joint-stock company, it had the right to raise funds through the issue of promissory notes or bonds.

v. U. S. 156 U. S. 51 ( 1895 ), generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury, declared: " It is our deep and settled conviction, confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities that the jury, upon the general issue of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case, have the right, as well as the power, to decide, according to their own judgment and consciences, all questions, whether of law or of fact, involved in that issue.

With a goal of determining broad patterns of relationship, the issue was not to get every word right but to detect patterns.

He argued that the issue was whether republican principles — " that the citizens of every distinct community or State should have the right to govern themselves in their domestic matters as they please " — would be honored.

In analyzing the third question, Marshall divided the question further, asking if a writ of mandamus was the correct means by which to restore Marbury to his right, and if so, whether the writ Marbury sought could issue from the Supreme Court.

Furthermore, it has been argued that the Supreme Court should have been able to issue the writ on original jurisdiction based on the fact that Article III of the Constitution granted it the right to review on original jurisdiction " all cases affecting … public ministers and consuls ," and that James Madison, Secretary of State at the time and defendant of the suit, should have fallen into that category of a " public minister consul.

There should be citizen exams through which everyone can obtain the right to vote on a certain issue.

Bayesians would argue that this is right and proper — if the issue is such that reasonable people can put forward different, but plausible, priors and the data are such that the likelihood does not swamp the prior, then the issue is not resolved unambiguously at the present stage of knowledge and Bayesian statistics highlights this fact.

This development was further strengthened by the establishment ( in 1996 ) of a series of conferences on the Evolution of Language ( now known as " Evolang "), promoting a scientific, multidisciplinary approach to the issue, and interest from major academic publishers ( e. g., the Studies in the Evolution of Language series has been appearing with Oxford University Press since 2001 ) and scientific journals.

Archaeologists John Hodgson and Mark Brennand suggest that bog bodies may have been related to religious practice, although there is division in the academic community over this issue and in the case of Lindow Man, whether the killing was murder or ritualistic is still debated.

Max Weber's article has been cited as a definitive refutation of the dependence of the economic theory of value on the laws of psychophysics by Lionel Robbins, George Stigler, and Friedrich Hayek, though the broader issue of the relation between economics and psychology has come back into the academic debate with the development of " behavioral economics.

Also in 1919 Germany raised the issue of the Allied blockade to counter charges against the German use of submarine warfare. In 1928 a German academic study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace provided a thorough analysis of the German civilian deaths during the war.

* Strategy, including: Funding sources ( individuals, corporations, foundations, donors / governments, endowments, sales / events ) and business model ( independent research, contract work, advocacy ); The balance between research, consultancy, and advocacy ; The source of their arguments: Ideology, values or interests ; applied, empirical or synthesis research ; or theoretical or academic research ( Stephen Yeo ); The manner in which the research agenda is developed — by senior members of the think tank or by individual researchers, or by the think tank of their funders ; Their influencing approaches and tactics ( many researchers but an interesting one comes from Abelson ) and the time horizon for their strategies: long term and short term mobilisation ; Their various audiences of the think tanks ( audiences as consumers and public-this merits another blog ; soon ) ( again, many authors, but Zufeng provides a good framework for China ); and Affiliation, which refers to the issue of independence ( or autonomy ) but also includes think tanks with formal and informal links to political parties, interest groups and other political players.

Pages were numbered sequentially for an entire volume of many issues, as is the norm for academic journals ( i. e., so that the first page of a March issue could be 651 instead of 1 ); later each issue's pages were numbered separately.

Treating economic history as a discrete academic discipline has been a contentious issue for many years.

Of lesser note, as academic Jeremy Black points out, although it is American assets that are under threat, it is British power, through the British agent that concludes the issue and a British warship, HMS Narvick, that is sent with British soldiers to the island at the end of the novel.

In more recent popular and even academic press, the party's program has often been reduced to the single issue of immigration.

In 2006 the institute established an academic board to issue bachelors, masters, and PhD degrees in socionics to socionists who had demonstrated competency in socionics and published significant work in the field.

While the above issue is mostly academic, since the Crown does have sovereignty in New Zealand, the question of whether the Crown is bound by the Treaty has been hotly contested since 1840.

Metternich used the murder as a pretext to issue the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which dissolved the Burschenschaften, cracked down on the liberal press, and seriously restricted academic freedom.

Considerable academic debate surrounds the issue, but the modern consensus is that mezzotint was instead invented in 1642 by Ludwig von Siegen, a German Lieutenant-Colonel who was also an amateur artist.

At the University of Dundee, formerly Queens College St Andrews, gaudie nights are traditional student celebrations involving the issue of junior students with senior ' academic parents ' in order to introduce them to higher education and to provide socialisation.

This murder gave Metternich the pretext to issue the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which dissolved the Burschenschaften, cracked down on the liberal press, and seriously restricted academic freedom in the states of the German Confederation.

With the deaths of the Duke in 1972 and of the Duchess in 1986, without issue, the matter has become purely academic.

During the merger process, a controversial issue erupted when the university's head office in Bundoora raised concerns about the academic standards at Bendigo CAE.

It is known in Germany for its distinctive, academic writing style and its large volume — a standard issue may run 200 pages or more.

A compendium of academic works on the option / buyback issue is included in the study Scandal by author M. Gumport issued in 2006.

*" Our strategy has been to change the subject a bit so that we can get the issue of intelligent design, which really means the reality of God, before the academic world and into the schools.

Nearly a quarter of a 657-page volume of the academic journal Perspectives of New Music was devoted to Tenney's music ( Polansky and Rosenboom 1987 ), and in 2008 the UK journal Contemporary Music Review devoted a whole issue to his work ( vol.

Working with these professors, we fund " centers of academic excellence " within universities that help introduce a new generation of students to broader perspectives than are available on most campuses with regard to our three main issue areas: western civilization, the American founding, and political economy.

She figured prominently in the issue of academic freedom when she sought and ultimately succeeded in having Stanford University economist Edward A. Ross fired for making speeches favoring Democrat William Jennings Bryan and favoring racism against Chinese American " coolies ", outlining eugenics policies directed against Chinese people and other racial groups, and for his collectivist economic teachings.

Special issue on Eliza Lucas Pinckney, featuring three academic articles and three previously unpublished letters.