" To support these findings, the assembled judges ( as reported by Coke, who was one of them ) cited as authorities Aristotle, Cicero, and the Apostle Paul ; as well as Bracton, Fortescue, and St. Germain.

Today academic writers are often cited in legal argument and decisions as persuasive authority ; often, they are cited when judges are attempting to implement reasoning that other courts have not yet adopted, or when the judge believes the academic's restatement of the law is more compelling than can be found in precedent.

), De Tallagio non Concedendo, though it is printed among the statutes of the realm, and was cited as a statute in the preamble to the Petition of Right in 1628, and by the judges in John Hampden's case in 1637, is probably an imperfect and unauthoritative abstract of the Confirmatio Cartarum.

In the 19th century, Andrew Amos wrote a critique of the Historia titled Ruins of Time exemplified in Sir Matthew Hale's History of the Pleas of the Crown, which both criticised and praised Hale's work while directing the main criticism at the judges and lawyers who cited the Historia without considering that it was dated.

Judges Posner and Easterbrook have gone on to become the two most highly cited judges in the federal appellate judiciary.

" Apart from its daily nationwide distribution, the term means that back issues are archived on microfilm by every decent-sized public library in the nation, and the Times ' articles are often cited by both historians and judges as evidence that a major historical event occurred on a certain date.

It was later enforced by the courts ; when Selden and other Members of Parliament were imprisoned, they cited the Petition as a reason to grant habeas corpus, something the judges accepted, and the ship money case, although a victory for Charles, was a victory in spite of the Petition rather than because of it ; the judgment concluded that Charles's actions were acceptable under the Royal Prerogative, but would otherwise be in violation of the Petition.

This decision, often cited, has led to a common practice by United States judges to penalize anyone who attempts to present a nullification argument to jurors and to declare a mistrial if such argument has been presented to them.

During that period, judges have cited misconduct by prosecutors as a reason to dismiss charges, reverse convictions, or reduce sentences in 2, 012 cases, according to a study by the Center for Public Integrity released in 2003 ; the researchers looked at 11, 452 cases in which misconduct was alleged.

Noted for his long service, his concise and pithy opinions and his deference to the decisions of elected legislatures, he is one of the most widely cited United States Supreme Court justices in history, particularly for his " clear and present danger " majority opinion in the 1919 case of Schenck v. United States, and is one of the most influential American common law judges through his outspoken judicial restraint philosophy.

Unlike in some civil-law systems, academic treatises or learned commentary is not considered a separate source of law or cited by judges, but judges and attorney rely on it for their arguments.

Whitelocke, as one of the judges who had examined them, was cited to justify the release, which he did on the ground that there was no evidence that the prisoners were in priest's orders.

Despite the concept being poorly-defined and conclusions premature, the beliefs of judges, lawyers and mental health professionals have been cited extensively in peer reviewed literature.

It still binds the lower courts of England and Wales and is cited by judges with approval.

Angermüller and Stafford ( cited below ) call Feuerstein " unstable ," and Halliwell judges his work thus: " the book was cobbled together in a haphazard fashion from the raw material, and the result was disastrous in terms of quality.

( The President and Deputy President are cited with a " P " and " DP " respectively, and acting judges are cited with " AJA ".

In contrast to the rest of the gameplay, the style judging system used in the game has been cited as being the harshest in terms of how it judges the player's performance.

In law reports, the President is cited e. g. " Smith P " while other judges are cited " Smith J ".

He illustrated casuistry by citing mostly Jesuitic texts allowing excuses to abstain from fasting ( citing Vincenzo Filliucci's Moralium quaestionum de christianis officiis et casibus conscientiae ... tomus, Lyon, 1622 ; often cited by Escobar ); from giving to the poor ( indirectly citing Gabriel Vasquez from Diana ; for a monk temporarily defrocking himself to go to the brothel ( citing an exact quote of Sanchez from Escobar, who was curving around Pius IV's Contra sollicitantes and Pius V's Contra clericos papal bulls, the latter directed against sodomite clergy )); in the Seventh Letter, propositions allowing homicides ( even to the clergy ) and duels as long as the intention is not directed for revenge ; others permitting corruption of judges as long as it is not intended as corruption ; others allowing usury or Mohatra contracts ; casuistic propositions allowing robbery and stealing from one's master ; others allowing lying through the use of rhetorical " mental reservation " ( restrictio mentalis ; for instance: saying, loudly " I swear that ...", silently " I said that ...", and loudly again the object of the pledge ) and equivocations.

Plucknett notes that " the Revolution of 1688 marks the abandonment of the doctrine of Bonham's Case ", but in 1701 the common law judges cited Coke's decision with approval in City of London v Woo, with John Holt concluding that Coke's statement is " a very reasonable and true saying ".

Hong Kong is specifically cited as an authorised source for judges despite not being a member of the Commonwealth.

County judges, commissioners, engineers, assessors, and others who have lived in the area for a long time may have valuable knowledge regarding the site or opinions to offer from their varied professional experiences.

Wexler had charged the precinct judges in these cases with `` complementary '' miscount of the vote, in which votes would be taken from one candidate and given to another.

The case of " beauty " is different from mere " agreeableness " because, " If he proclaims something to be beautiful, then he requires the same liking from others ; he then judges not just for himself but for everyone, and speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things.

Meanwhile, academia draws on resources from taxpayers, foundations, endowments, and tuition payers, and it judges the social service delivered.

" A woman cannot be herself in modern society ," he argues, since it is " an exclusively male society, with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint.

Its title describes its contents: it contains the history of Biblical judges, divinely inspired leaders whose direct knowledge of Yahweh allows them to act as champions for the Israelites from oppression by foreign rulers, and models of wise and faithful behaviour required of them by their god Yahweh following the exodus from Egypt and conquest of Canaan.

In 1993, two of the judges threatened to walk out when Trainspotting appeared on the longlist ; Irvine Welsh's cult classic was pulled from the shortlist to satisfy them.

The other judges were John Toohey QC, a former Justice of the High Court of Australia who had worked on Aboriginal issues ( he replaced New Zealander Sir Edward Somers QC, who retired from the Inquiry in 2000 for personal reasons ), and Mr Justice William Hoyt QC, former Chief Justice of New Brunswick and a member of the Canadian Judicial Council.

If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases ( called a " matter of first impression "), judges have the authority and duty to make law by creating precedent.

For example, the Napoleonic code expressly forbade French judges from pronouncing general principles of law.

Additionally, from at least the 11th century and continuing for several centuries after that, there were several different circuits in the royal court system, served by itinerant judges who would travel from town to town dispensing the King's justice.

The " common law " was the law that emerged as " common " throughout the realm ( as distinct from the various legal codes that preceded it, such as Mercian law, the Danelaw and the law of Wessex ) as the king's judges followed each other's decisions to create a unified common law throughout England.

Henry II developed the practice of sending judges from his own central court to hear the various disputes throughout the country.

The degree to which these external factors should influence adjudication is the subject of active debate, but that judges do draw of learning from other fields and jurisdictions is a fact of modern legal life.

The judges on the Supreme Court or Corte Suprema are appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself.

Arias thus remained barred from a second term as president ; however, in April 2003 – by which time two of the four judges who had voted against the change in 2000 had been replaced – the Court reconsidered the issue and, with the only dissenters being the two anti-reelection judges remaining from 2000, declared the 1969 amendment null and thus opened the way to reelection for former presidents – which in practice meant Arias.

According to David, the Romano-Germanic legal systems included those countries where legal science was formulated according to Roman Law, whereas common law countries are those where law was created from the judges.

The jury and judges also noted, in their words, that Biafra “ lacked credibility ” on the songwriting issue and found from evidence presented by both sides that the songwriting credits were due to the entire band, using a clause in the band's written partnership giving a small share of every Dead Kennedys song royalty directly to the band partnership.

He applied his intelligence in unconventional ways, winning a contest when he was in eighth grade by finding over 4, 500 words that could be formed from the letters in " Ziegler's Giant Bar "; the judges had only about 2, 500 words on their master list.

Following the implementation of DADT's repeal, a panel of three judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the Phillips ruling.

While there was a Carthaginian Senate, the real power was with the inner " Council of 30 Nobles " and the board of judges from ruling families known as the " Hundred and Four ".

Since the U. S. Supreme Court ruling in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., lay judges have become " gatekeepers " of scientific testimony.

On 25 May 2009, the Constitutional Court, made up of appointed judges, released a ruling that any referendum to create a new constitution would be unconstitutional, and further would be a violation of the oath the president had taken on the Koran ( a serious matter in this overwhelmingly Muslim country ).

Following this ruling, plaintiffs petitioned for a rehearing en banc ( in front of the full panel of nine judges ).

There was much controversy, but the judges ' ruling was upheld.

Following the ruling of the talmud, the decisors of Jewish law held that women were not allowed to serve in positions of authority over a community, such as judges or kings.

The Mexican newspaper, The News, reported that “ a tribunal of three circuit court judges ruled that there was not enough proof to link Echeverria to the violent suppression of hundreds of protesting students on Oct. 2, 1968 .” Despite the ruling, prosecutor Carrillo Prieto said he would continue his investigation and seek charges against Echeverria before the United Nations International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Human Rights Commission.

A court order ( a type of court ruling ) is an official proclamation by a judge ( or panel of judges ) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings.

This was merely a ruling on bail, not on the legality of the loans, and Charles decided not to pursue the charges against the knights, fearing that, if asked to rule on the loans themselves, the judges would find them illegal.

It has also been argued that his fellow judges had difficulty ruling on appeals from his decisions specifically because he rarely provided reasons.

The Supreme Court began busily dismantling the New Deal by ruling many of its programs unconstitutional and Roosevelt sought to replace the judges with more sympathetic ones in his infamous " Court Packing ".

The ruling was appealed, and heard by three judges in the 9th U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals.

On September 15 the judges issued a unanimous ruling postponing the recall election until March 2004 on the grounds that the existence of allegedly obsolete voting equipment in some counties violated equal protection, thus overruling the lower district court which had rejected this argument.

Their personal ruling is equal in weight to the rulings of any associate judges on the court.

Most of the members of the legislative council and the executive council were part of the British ruling class, composed of wealthy merchants, judges, military men, etc., supportive of the Tory party.

However, following the U. S. Supreme Court's ruling in Blakely v. Washington ( 2004 ) that judges could not impose stiffer sentences based on facts that a jury had not decided, Judge Jackson reduced the sentence to sixteen months on June 30, 2004.

On June 25, 2008, following a Supreme Court ruling ( Kennedy Vs. Louisiana ) that the execution of child rapists where the victim was not killed was unconstitutional, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal signed Senate Bill 144, allowing Louisiana judges to sentence convicted rapists to chemical castration.

Crittenden held that the secretary's ruling was just as much a judicial action as that of the Florida judges.

§ 3501 ) -- with clear intent to reverse the effect of the court ruling — included a provision in the Act directing federal trial judges to admit statements of criminal defendants if they were made voluntarily, without regard to whether he had received the Miranda warnings.

Another scandal erupted after the ruling when the judges of the Nanterre court alleged that their offices and computers had been searched.

The decision was based on the fact that Ialá had resigned prior to the signing of the transitional charter which had barred him from politics, with the judges ruling that the charter should not be retroactively applied to Ialá in a way contrary to his interests.

On 25 May 2009, the Constitutional Court, made up of appointed judges, released a ruling that any referendum to create a new constitution would be unconstitutional, and further would be a violation of the oath the president had taken on the Qur ' an ( a serious matter in Niger, which is overwhelmingly Muslim ).

The judges granted a 10-day suspension of their ruling to permit appeal to the United States Supreme Court and stipulated that the state could resolve the impasse so long as an alternative to legislative election was reached.

Acevedo Vilá and his team challenged this ruling and the case moved up to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, where three judges ruled the question of whether or not the ballots were properly cast was not a federal constitutional issue and therefore should be decided by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico at the Commonwealth level.