In municipal systems we tend to view what is called positivism as fundamentally a movement to democratize policy by increasing the power of parliament -- the elected representatives -- at the expense of the more conservative judiciary.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

This power is seen as fundamental to the power of judicial review and an aspect of the independent judiciary.

However, many have argued that the usefulness of these laws is vastly inadequate in terms of controlling government actions, largely because of institutional and systemic obstacles like a weak judiciary, poorly trained judges and lawyers, and corruption.

Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts, the National Justice Council and the regional federal courts.

The judiciary is exercised by courts of first and second instance addressing the common justice.

In the United States, the power of the federal judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, Article III sections 1 and 2: " The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

The judiciary is frequently corrupt, inefficient, and subject to political influence.

Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court.

Areas of concern included restrictions on freedom of speech, one-party control of public TV and radio, repression of independent media, unfair electoral regulations, a judiciary that is not fully independent, and lack of human and civil rights protection.

The civilian judiciary is a separate and independent branch of government.

Constitutional law is the body of law which defines the relationship of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.

For example, in a unitary state, the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and legislature, and judiciary, though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislatures.

The U. S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) mission is focused on improving access of underserved populations to quality health care and combating HIV / AIDS and tuberculosis ; promoting economic growth through policy reform, support for CAFTA-DR implementation, and technical assistance to small producers and tourism groups ; environmental protection and policy reform initiatives ; improved access to quality primary, public education and assistance to at-risk youth ; a model rural electrification program ; and improving participation in democratic processes, while strengthening the judiciary and combating corruption across all sectors.

The executive officer is not supposed to make laws ( the role of the legislature ) or interpret them ( the role of the judiciary ).

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The judiciary is strictly independent of the executive and legislature, although it has links with the other branches of the government through the Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

If the judiciary decides in favor of the government because the country is secular, they would be considered to be Muslim individuals acting under compelling circumstances.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The judiciary of Germany is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, the highest national court being the Supreme Court of India.

There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty, the exact powers to be given the confederate government, whether to have a judiciary, and voting procedures.

In particular Bainimarama says that the two countries were exerting pressure on Sri Lankan judges, brought in by Bainimarama to replace the uncooperative local judiciary, not to travel to the country and refusing to grant them transit visas.

In particular Bainimarama says that the two countries were exerting pressure on Sri Lankan judges, brought in by Bainimarama to replace the uncooperative local judiciary, not to travel to the country and refusing to grant them transit visas.

Finland has a civil law system, based on Swedish law, with the judiciary exercising limited powers.

Among its provisions were a Western-style bill of rights ; creation of a National Council of Democracy, which oversees the guarantee of those rights ; a governmental advisory board on economic and social issues ; and an independent judiciary.

The head of the judiciary and 5 members of the supreme court who had questioned his use of the ISA were also arrested, and a clampdown on Malaysia's press occurred.

Higher education, the legislature and judiciary, national commerce, and so on, may all be carried out predominantly in English.

For example, Vermont's resolution stated: " It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government ; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union.

Members of the judiciary are impeached by the President upon a vote by the House of Representatives that is supported by a 2 / 3s majority of all the members on the grounds of proved inability to perform his functions in office ( whether it is infirmity of body or mind or any other cause ) or proved misbehavior by the Commission for the Administration of Justice.

According to the U. S. Department of State, " The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary ; however, the executive branch has exerted undue influence on the judiciary.

In 2000, a report by the French parliamentarians, Arnaud Montebourg and Vincent Peillon, alleged that Monaco had lax policies with respect to money laundering, including within its famed casino, and that the government of Monaco had been placing political pressure on the judiciary, so that alleged crimes were not being properly investigated.

She was also the first African-American woman to serve on the federal judiciary ( 1966 ), as well as the first African-American and the first woman to become Chief Judge of the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1982 ).

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

The Sovereign may appoint anyone a Privy Counsellor, but in practice appointments are made only on the advice of the Government, and generally consist only of senior members of parliament, the church and judiciary.

; Appoints the judiciary: The President appoints the judges to all Courts of the Republic of Ireland, on the advice of the Government.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, administering justice on behalf of the King by several judges and magistrates.

The Swiss government did not officially confirm the existence of the report, but started a judiciary procedure for leakage of secret documents against the newspaper on 9 January 2006.

However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament ( but not dependent on parliament ), and the judiciary has no power of review.

The development of the British constitution, which is not a codified document, is based on this fusion in the person of the Monarch, who has a formal role to play in the legislature ( Parliament, which is where legal and political sovereignty lies, is the Crown-in-Parliament, and is summoned and dissolved by the Sovereign who must give his or her Royal Assent to all Bills so that they become Acts ), the executive ( the Sovereign appoints all ministers of His / Her Majesty's Government, who govern in the name of the Crown ) and the judiciary ( the Sovereign, as the fount of justice, appoints all senior judges, and all public prosecutions are brought in his or her name ).

The judiciary has no power to strike down primary legislation, and can only rule on secondary legislation that it is invalid with regard to the primary legislation if necessary.