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justification and Christian
It is clear that non-violent resistance is a mode of action in need of justification and limitation in Christian morality, like any other form of resistance.
Hegel, in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right ( 1820 ), gave it a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the Protestant Christian view of natural law.
Diarmaid MacCulloch, in his A History of Christianity, describes the epistle as " a Christian foundation document in the justification of slavery ".
Paul contrasted Isaac, symbolizing Christian liberty, with the rejected older son Ishmael, symbolizing slavery ; Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace, into which her son Isaac enters. The Epistle of James chapter 2, verses 21-24 states that the sacrifice of Isaac shows that justification ( in the Johannine sense ) requires both faith and works.
Sola fide ( Latin: by faith alone ), also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith alone, is a Christian theological doctrine that distinguishes most Protestant denominations from Catholicism, Eastern Christianity, and some in the Restoration Movement.
Christian theologies answer questions about the nature, function and meaning of justification quite differently.
" This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification ," insisted Martin Luther, " is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness.
" They believe justification by grace alone through faith alone in Christ's righteousness alone is the gospel, the core of the Christian faith around which all other Christian doctrines are centered and based.
He wrote a large work on the Christian doctrine of justification and atonement, Die Christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Versöhnung, published during the years 1870 – 74, and in 1882 – 86 a history of pietism ( Die Geschichte des Pietismus ).
* US Evangelical Christian leaders led by Richard Land of the Southern Baptist Convention send a letter to President Bush outlining the theological justification for a pre-emptive attack on Iraq.
This leads him to oppose the practices of more " mainline " Roman Christian authorities, who believe that the inherent sinfulness of everyone is justification for torturing native Celts into conversion ( a practice which Augistine did approve of, to some extent, and which others used his teachings to justify ).
The term " antinomian " emerged soon after the Protestant Reformation ( c. 1517 ) and has historically been used mainly as a pejorative against Christian thinkers or sects who carried their belief in justification by faith further than was customary.
Hence for Hegel and his successors, dialectics inevitably lead to the approval of the status quo — indeed, Hegel's philosophy served as a justification for Christian theology and the Prussian state.
The affirmations of the church include justification by grace through faith alone in Jesus Christ, sanctification by grace through faith united with good works, entire sanctification as an inheritance available to every Christian, and the witness of the Spirit to God's work in human lives.
Controversies have developed over interpretations of spiritual warfare methods, and purposes, by Christian groups who have used spiritual warfare as a justification to persecute others, even amongst the Christian community as well as other groups, such as practitioners of transcendental meditation, Freemasons, women accused of witchcraft, and owners of occult objects ( e. g. native American art, Oija boards, tarot cards ).
The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod declares that only believers in the doctrine of justification are members of the Christian Church, excluding all others, even if those others are in external communion with the Church and even if they hold a teaching office in it.
Christian anarchists point out that this marked the beginning of the " Constantinian shift ", in which Christianity gradually came to be identified with the will of the ruling elite, becoming the State church of the Roman Empire, and in some cases ( such as the Crusades, Inquisition and Wars of Religion ) a religious justification for violence.
Variant views on soteriology are among the main fault lines dividing the various Christian denominations, both between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism and within Protestantism, notably in the Calvinist – Arminian debate, and the fault lines include conflicting definitions of depravity, predestination, atonement, but most pointedly justification.
In Roman Catholic and Lutheran doctrines, as expressed under section 4. 7 no. 37, " we confess together that good works-a Christian life lived in faith, hope and love-follow justification and are its fruits.
Christian traditions answer questions about the nature, function and meaning of justification quite differently.
As a holiness church, the PHC believes that for the Christian there is not only justification and forgiveness for actual transgressions but also " complete cleansing of the justified believer from all indwelling sin and from its pollution ".
The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty.

justification and conscience
They both denounced what they believed was the exaggerated cult of the saints, justification by works, and the coercion of the conscience in the sacrament of penance by the Catholic Church, that they believed could not offer certainty of salvation.
John Locke viewed the widespread social fact of conscience as a justification for natural rights.
Failure to acknowledge and accept that conscientious judgements can be seriously mistaken, may only promote situations where one's conscience is manipulated by others to provide unwarranted justifications for non-virtuous and selfish acts ; indeed, insofar as it is appealed to as glorifying ideological content, and an associated extreme level of devotion, without adequate constraint of external, altruistic, normative justification, conscience may be considered morally blind and dangerous both to the individual concerned and humanity as a whole.
The dictates of conscience are simply right and often resist further justification.
He denied nothing of this, but pleaded the authority of the Parliament in his justification ; denying that he had been acted by any motive of malice as the inditement had untruly suggested ; and asserting, that in what he had done relating to the King, he had followed the light of his reason and the dictates of his conscience.
I hope that this book may help demonstrate that moral convictions are not the exclusive possession of persons in conscience opposed to war, and that those who in certain circumstances accept the necessity and ethical justification of armed conflict also do care about human suffering.

justification and use
One can even argue -- though this is a delicate matter -- that every justification existed for their returning the Public Lecture to the First Church, and so to suppress it, rather than let Parker use it as a sounding board for his propaganda when his turn should come to occupy it.
With his marriage to Urraca, queen regnant of Castile and León, in 1109, he began to use, with some justification, the grandiose title Emperor of Spain, formerly employed by his father-in-law, Alfonso VI.
It provides that the Parties undertake not to develop, produce, stockpile, acquire or retain biological agents or toxins, of types and in quantities that have no justification for peaceful purposes, as well as weapons, equipment and means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
A decision-theoretic justification of the use of Bayesian inference ( and hence of Bayesian probabilities ) was given by Abraham Wald, who proved that every admissible statistical procedure is either a Bayesian procedure or a limit of Bayesian procedures.
People may find such law acceptable, but the use of State power to coerce citizens to comply with that law lacks moral justification.
While a foundationalist would use Münchhausen Trilemma as a justification for demanding the validity of basic beliefs, a skeptic would see no problem with admitting the result.
It is mainly for this justification of the worship of Christ that Justin employs the Logos-idea, though where he explicitly deals with the divinity of the Redeemer and his relation to the Father, he makes use of the Old Testament, not of the Logos-idea, which thus can not be said to form an essential part of his Christology.
The use and meaning of the word " philosophy " has changed throughout history: in Antiquity it encompassed almost any inquiry ; for Descartes it was supposed to be the Queen of the Sciences, a sort of ultimate justification ; in the time of David Hume " metaphysics " and " morals " could be roughly translated as the human sciences ; and contemporary analytic philosophy likes to define itself roughly as inquiry into concepts.
The principal justification for the non-resident vote is that about 450, 000 non-residents constitute the city's day-time population and use most of its services, far outnumbering the City's 9000 residents.
Similar to this, but with even less justification, is the use of the plural pronoun with the antecedent anybody, any one, somebody, some one, the intention being either to avoid the awkward he or she, or to avoid committing oneself to either.
If we fail to justify simplicity considerations on the basis of the context in which we make use of them, we may have no non-circular justification: " just as the question ' why be rational?
This comprises the central scientific justification for the use of models in wind tunnels to simulate real-life phenomena.
The use of the common names " frog " and " toad " has no taxonomic justification.
The APA absolutely condemns the use of any of the following practices by military interrogators trying to elicit anti-terrorism information from detainees, on the ground that " there are no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether induced by a state of war or threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, that may be invoked as a justification " for them:
A decision-theoretic justification of the use of Bayesian inference was given by Abraham Wald, who proved that every Bayesian procedure is admissible.
Heggie casts doubt on this as well, stating that his careful analysis uncovered " little evidence for a highly accurate unit " and " little justification for the claim that a highly accurate unit was in use ".
This conflict causes people to search for justification for disliking an out-group, and to use that justification to avoid negative feelings ( cognitive dissonance ) about themselves when they act on their dislike of the out-group.
Frantz Fanon, a psychiatrist from Martinique who became the FLN's leading political theorist, provided a sophisticated intellectual justification for the use of violence in achieving national liberation He stated that only through violence could an oppressed people attain human status.
The euphemistic use of wine at this festival has been variously described as a substitution for milk and honey, relatively late in the cult's development ; as a theologically absurdity ; and as an ingenious justification for behaviours that would be considered unacceptable outside this specific religious sphere.
Access to the library is generally restricted to current students and staff at the college, although alumni may use the library if acceptable justification is provided.
Many states apply the Common Law's " fleeing felon " rule as a justification for private persons to use deadly force necessary to " arrest " violent criminals.
In the press, opinion articles were published arguing for a greater use of eugenics, in which many of the reasons above were cited as justification.
" After the Bush administration repeatedly referenced the yellowcake claims as justification for war with Iraq, ambassador Wilson wrote a critical op-ed in The New York Times in which he explained the nature of the documents and the government's prior knowledge of their unreliability for use in a case for war.

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