The Shīa believe that the A ' immah (" Imams ") are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muḥammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (‘ Iṣmah ) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad.

The Tayyibi author al – Khattab b. al – Hasan, delineating the difference between ordinary knowledge (‘ ilm ) and ma ‘ rifa, explains that every ‘ arif is a knower, but not every knower is an ‘ arif.

* Ilm, Islamic concept of knowledge and gnosis

# Ilm Laduuni: Last but not least is the endowed knowledge which Allah grants to his closest servants.

* Ilm, Arabic for knowledge, referring to knowledge of Islam

Freed of routine by having his own firm and a complaisant partner, his work in New York had given him a broader overall knowledge of business administration and corporate structure ; ;

In the 1990s, Jürgen Schmidhuber described an algorithmic theory of beauty which takes the subjectivity of the observer into account and postulates: among several observations classified as comparable by a given subjective observer, the aesthetically most pleasing one is the one with the shortest description, given the observer ’ s previous knowledge and his particular method for encoding the data.

Bellarmine's books bear the stamp of their period ; the effort for literary elegance ( so-called " maraviglia ") had given place to a desire to pile up as much material as possible, to embrace the whole field of human knowledge, and incorporate it into theology.

Patients, physicians, health care providers, insurers and quality organizations regard certification as an important measure of a physician ’ s knowledge, experience and skills to provide quality health care within a given specialty.

With this knowledge and a pair of glasses given to him as a gift by Wonder Woman, ' Clark ' regains his humanity, and sets out to become a hero again by re-fertilizing the irradiated fields of Kansas.

" According as his divine power hath given unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue.

With the elimination of these accents, the new orthography relies on the reader having prior knowledge of pronunciation of a given word.

In many of Plato's dialogues, such as the Meno, and in particular the Theaetetus, Socrates considers a number of theories as to what knowledge is, the last being that knowledge is true belief that has been " given an account of " — meaning explained or defined in some way.

According to the theory that knowledge is justified true belief, in order to know that a given proposition is true, one must not only believe the relevant true proposition, but one must also have a good reason for doing so.

Locke first speculated, “ truth and knowledge … are out of observation and experience rather than manipulation of accepted or given ideas “ ( Locke as cited in Hayes, 2007, p. 2 ).

In the Prose Edda, additional information is given about Fenrir, including that, due to the gods ' knowledge of prophecies foretelling great trouble from Fenrir and his rapid growth, the gods bound him, and as a result Fenrir bit off the right hand of the god Týr.

This knowledge coupled with insight into the handler's own capabilities makes it easier for the handler to make appropriate decisions about whether to discharge or not, even if given little time and / or put under severe stress.

Later, Valentinius ( Valentinus ), taught that gnosis was the privileged Gnosis kardias " knowledge of the heart " or " insight " about the spiritual nature of the cosmos, that brought about salvation to the pneumatics — the name given to those believed to have reached the final goal of sanctity.

Quicksort is typically somewhat faster due to better cache behavior and other factors, but the worst-case running time for quicksort is O ( n < sup > 2 </ sup >), which is unacceptable for large data sets and can be deliberately triggered given enough knowledge of the implementation, creating a security risk.

Rowena is immediately sent to Vortigern and the providence of Kent is given to Hengist, without the knowledge of the then-ruler of Kent, Gorangan.

Task specific and subject specific knowledge is most often gained through higher education ; however, it may also be gained by mentoring and experience in a given field.

One problem in knowledge representation is how to store and manipulate knowledge in an information system in a formal way so that it may be used by mechanisms to accomplish a given task.

* Knowledge base, a collection of knowledge helping users with a given product

* Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to-or received by-a disciple ( student ); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialise in.

* Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to-or received by-a disciple ( student ); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialise in.

It is believed in Twelver and Ismaili Shī ‘ ah Islam that ‘ aql, divine wisdom, was the source of the souls of the Prophets and Imams and gave them esoteric knowledge called ḥikmah and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees.

‘ Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā () ( commonly known as, ‘ Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā ) ( December 29, 765 – August 23, 818 ) was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam as well as an Imam of knowledge according to the Zaydi Shia school and Sufis.

To that end Imam Muhammad al-Jawad ( as ) like the other Imams of Ahl al-Bayt and the Prophets of Islam were born with extraordinary knowledge though not complete, and they would consistently keep learning through their lifespans, like Jesus son of Maryam did in the cradle in the Quran.

It is believed in Shi ' a Islam that Aql, a divine wisdom, was the source of the souls of the Prophets and Imams and gave them esoteric knowledge, called Hikmah, and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees.

The young writer seems intimidated by psychological knowledge ; ;

The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening, and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present, sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system, our mass media, our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves ''.

We feel uncomfortable at being bossed by a corporation or a union or a television set, but until we have some knowledge about these phenomena and what they are doing to us, we can hardly learn to control them.

It is world-wide knowledge that any power which might be tempted today to attack the United States by surprise, even though we might sustain great losses, would itself promptly suffer a terrible destruction.

`` History has this in common with every other science: that the historian is not allowed to claim any single piece of knowledge, except where he can justify his claim by exhibiting to himself in the first place, and secondly to any one else who is both able and willing to follow his demonstration, the grounds upon which it is based.

They emerged as interchangeable cogs in a faulty but formidable machine: shaved nearly naked, hair queued, greatcoated, jackbooted, and best of all -- in the opinion of the British professional, Major Semple-Lisle -- `` their minds are not estranged from the paths of obedience by those smatterings of knowledge which only serve to lead to insubordination and mutiny ''.

With the knowledge that the kingdom comes by obedience to the moral law in our relations with all people, we have a firm intellectual grasp on both the means and the ends of our lives.

As our radius of penetration, R, increases, the area of new knowledge increases by Af, and the total of human knowledge becomes measured in terms of Af.

All areas of history were either favorably or adversely affected by the geographical environment, and no respectable historian could pursue the study of history without a thorough knowledge of geography.

And the second requirement for convincing people without their knowledge is artistic talent to prepare the words and pictures which persuade by using the principles which the scientists have discovered.

Some of the poetic cadence of the older version certainly is lost in the newer one, but almost anyone, with a fair knowledge of the English language, can understand the meaning, without the necessity of interpretation by a Biblical scholar.

To summarize, it may be said that there is no one prevailing practice in Rhode Island with respect to the taxation of movable property, that assessors would like to see an improvement, and of those who have an opinion, that assessment by the town of location is preferred on the basis of their present knowledge.

The third method was, to our knowledge, successfully applied for the first time by C. Sheer and co-workers ( Ref. 2 ).

It gives him aid, comfort, even solace, in meeting mundane life situations where his own unassisted practical knowledge and skill are felt by him to be inadequate.

In discussing the process of communication, Loomis defines it as `` the process by which information, decisions, and directives are transmitted among actors and the ways in which knowledge, opinions, and attitudes are formed, or modified by interaction ''.

Autosuggestibility, the reaction of the subject in such a way as to conform to his own expectations of the outcome ( i.e., that the arm-rise is a reaction to the pressure exerted in the voluntary contraction, because of his knowledge that `` to every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction '' ) also seems inadequate as an explanation for the following reasons: ( 1 ) the subjects' apparently genuine experience of surprise when their arms rose, and ( 2 ) manifestations of the phenomenon despite anticipations of something else happening ( e.g., of becoming dizzy and maybe falling, an expectation spontaneously volunteered by one of the subjects ).

Yet they were not so bound by past experience and constriction as to deny their immediate perceptions and to be dominated by their knowledge of what the experience should be.

The relinquishing by philosophy of pretentious claims to empirical priority gives it an ability to treat problems of meaning and truth which in the past it was unable to examine because of its missionary attitude to knowledge of more humble sorts.

Albert B. Lord suggests that the Homeric poems were dictated to a scribe by a minstrel who held in his mind the poems fully matured but did not himself possess the knowledge of writing since it would be useless to his guild, and Magoun argues that the Beowulf poet and Cynewulf may have dictated their verse in the same fashion.

However, by cultivating a wine dealer and accepting his advice, one will soon enough ascertain whether he has any knowledge of wines ( as opposed to what he may have been told by salesmen and promoters ) and, better yet, whether he has a taste for wine.

Similarly, a girl who graduates with a good working knowledge of stenography and the use of clerical machines and who is able to get a job at once may wish to improve her skill and knowledge by a year or two of further study in a community college or secretarial school.