Another approach taken in experimental operating systems is to have a single address space for all software, and rely on the programming language's virtual machine to make sure that arbitrary memory cannot be accessed — applications simply cannot acquire any references to the objects that they are not allowed to access.

Basic semantic properties include being meaningful or meaningless – for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood meaning ; polysemy, having multiple, typically related, meanings ; ambiguity, having meanings which aren't necessarily related ; and anomaly, where the elements of a unit are semantically incompatible with each other, although possibly grammatically sound.

Despite the relative paucity of Chinese surnames, given names can theoretically include any of the Chinese language's 100, 000 characters and contain almost any meaning.

Sometimes there may be variation in a language's orthography, as between American and British spelling in the case of English.

Jakobson, on the other hand, had come into contact with the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, and developed an approach focused on the way in which language's structure served its basic function ( synchronic approach ) – to communicate information between speakers.

The language's diverse appeal is seen as a strong point, though the consequently wide divergence between implementations is seen as one of the language's weak points.

Very few languages, however, make a distinction purely between bilabials and labiodentals, making " labial " usually a sufficient specification of a language's phonemes.

Chris Hutchins, a biographer of Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, describes the relationship between Russian president and Abramovich as like that between a father and a favorite son ; Abramovich himself has stated that his relationship with Putin is a professional business relationship, as signified by his use of the Russian language's formal " Вы " ( like Spanish " usted " or French " vous ") in addressing Putin, as opposed to the informal " ты " ( Spanish " tú " or French " tu ").

Linguistic waves, according to Saussure, are influenced by two opposed forces: parochialism, which is the basic tendency of a population to preserve its language's traditions ; and intercourse, in which communication between people of different areas necessitates the need for cross-language compromise and standardization.

In computer programming, named parameters or keyword arguments refer to a computer language's support for function calls that clearly state the name of each parameter within the function call itself.

As most programming languages are Turing-complete, it is possible to introduce user-defined lazy control structures in eager languages as functions, though they may depart from the language's syntax for eager evaluation: Often the involved code bodies ( like ( i ) and ( j )) need to be wrapped in a function value, so that they are executed only when called.

In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots ( without any known intentional invention ), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction ; place names may be considered words ; technical terms may be arbitrarily long.

When an alphabet is borrowed to represent a different language than that for which it originally developed ( as has been done with the Latin alphabet for many languages in Europe and elsewhere or Japanese Katakana being used for foreign words ), it often proves to be defective in representing the new language's phonemes.

In his De vulgari eloquentia he wrote in Latin: " nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil " (" for some say òc, others sì, yet others oïl "), thereby highlighting three major Romance literary languages that were well known in Italy, based on each language's word for " yes ", the òc language ( Occitan ), the oïl language ( French ), and the sì language ( Italian ).

The age of the Swedish language's presence in Finland is strongly contested ( see Swedish-speaking Finns ), but by the time of the Second Swedish Crusade in the 13th century, Swedish settlement spread the language into the region.

The key feature was the language's support for a " second chance " method in all classes ; if a method call on an object failed because the object didn't support it ( normally not allowed in most languages due to strong typing ), the runtime would then bundle the message into a compact format and pass it back into the object's method.

In the Oji-Cree language, the northern-most of the Anishinaabe languages, it called jachakanoob, while the Ojibwa language spoken in Northwestern Ontario and into Manitoba ranging immediately south of the Anishinini language's range, the bird is called jachakanoo ( with the cognates cahcahkaniw ( Swampy Cree ), cahcahkaluw ( coastal Southern East Cree ), cahcahkayuw ( inland Southern East Cree ), cahcahkayow ( Plains Cree )); the northern Algonquian languages associate the Redwinged Blackbird as a type of a junco or grackle.

* a mathematically exact notation, Backus-Naur Form ( BNF ), was used to describe the language's syntax.

The Fryske Akademy publishes the Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal ( Dictionary of the ( West ) Frisian Language ), which serves as the language's principal authority.

Although the term was originally coined with Persian language's lexical root ( Pārsī < u > bān </ u >), the suffix has been transformed into a Pashto form (- wān ), and is usually utilized by the Pashtuns in Afghanistan to designate the Persian-speakers.

Lázaro Carreter was a member, occupying the Seat " R ", of the prestigious Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), the language's official referee, since 1972 until his death, and was its president for seven years, 1992-1998.

The Peano axioms define the arithmetical properties of natural numbers, usually represented as a set N or The signature ( a formal language's non-logical symbols ) for the axioms includes a constant symbol 0 and a unary function symbol S.

In the process of testing internationalized top-level domains, ICANN implemented a set of IDN top-level domains that are translations of the name example. test into each language's script.

Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns.

A lexicon, or vocabulary, is a language's dictionary, its set of names for things, events, and ideas.

Consonant clusters occurring in loanwords do not necessarily follow the cluster limits set by the borrowing language's phonotactics.

Although pronouns are conservative elements in a language, they are both short and utilise a reduced set of the language's phonemic inventory.

Programming languages typically support a set of operators: operations which differ in the calling of syntax and / or the argument passing mode from the language's functions.

Common examples that differ by syntax are mathematical arithmetic operations, e. g. ">" for " greater than ", with names often outside the language's set of identifiers for functions, and called with a syntax different from the language's syntax for calling functions.

It is suspected that the language's entire pronoun set, which is the simplest of any known language, was recently borrowed from one of the Tupí – Guaraní languages, and that before that the language may have had no pronouns whatsoever.

To what extent language's features are determined by genes, a hotly debated dichotomy in linguistics, has had new light shed upon it by the discovery of the FoxP2-gene.

Most general purpose functional programming languages allow unrestricted recursion and are Turing complete, which makes the halting problem undecidable, can cause unsoundness of equational reasoning, and generally requires the introduction of inconsistency into the logic expressed by the language's type system.

The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office ; it went by the name Green later, and was later renamed Java, from Java coffee, said to be consumed in large quantities by the language's creators.

The language's basic sound, along with a few words, was first devised by actor James Doohan (" Scotty ") for Star Trek: The Motion Picture.

The effect is mainly achieved by the use of a number of retroflex and uvular consonants in the language's inventory.

A language's core library is often treated as part of the language by its users, although the designers may have treated it as a separate entity.

The language's origins have been investigated by several authors ; Eduardo Blasco Ferrer's investigation is one of the most thorough.

Content can be animated by manipulating the DOM using ECMAScript and the scripting language's built-in timers.

The change is made more dangerous by the language's seductive enhancement of other abilities.

A language's grammar ( its ranking of constraints ) determines which of the infinite candidates will be assessed as optimal by EVAL.

Many languages applying this style attempt to minimize or eliminate side effects by describing what the program should accomplish, rather than describing how to go about accomplishing it ( the how is left up to the language's implementation ).

The history of the Moldovan language refers to the historical evolution of the glottonym Moldavian / Moldovan in Moldova and beyond, which is closely tied to the region's political status, with long periods of rule by Russia and the Soviet Union influencing the language's name and ( when Cyrillic script was in use ) orthography.

Despite the English language's reputation for linguistic imperialism, during the Middle Ages it too was an object of linguistic imperialism, by the French language, particularly following the Norman conquest.

Though the kings of Castile and León initially continued to take the title King of León as the superior title, and to use a lion as part of their standard, power in fact became centralized in Castile, as exemplified by the Leonese language's replacement by Spanish.

It was given in 1997 by one of the language's last speakers, Ms. Elsie Vaalbooi of Rietfontein, who has since died.

Henry ends his article by writing that ultimately the survival of French in Louisiana will be guaranteed by Cajun parents and politicians, stating that the French language's survival is by no means guaranteed but that there is still hope.