The ecclesiastical leadership exercised by abbots despite their frequent lay status is proved by their attendance and votes at ecclesiastical councils.

The ultimate responsibility for this lay with Hitler, as Goebbels well knew, referring in his diary to a " crisis of leadership ," but Goebbels was too much under Hitler ’ s spell ever to challenge his power.

But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses .... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance .... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression ; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole .... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it.

The vast majority of church leadership positions are lay positions, and church members may work 10 – 15 hours a week in unpaid church service.

The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the Circuit by lay Circuit Stewards, who collectively with the ministers form what is normally known as the Circuit Leadership Team.

While the lay membership of synagogues affiliated with the NCYI are almost exclusively Modern Orthodox in orientation, the rabbinical leadership of the synagogues ranges from Modern Orthodox to Haredi.

Yale traces its beginnings to " An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School ", passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, in an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut.

Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-tenth century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, " the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life ", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.

The matter lay dormant until the turn of the century, when, under the leadership of Senator Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois, six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission.

" His strength lay in his public gravitas, his leadership skills and in his firm belief that the Constitution guaranteed natural rights and that the Court had a unique role in protecting those rights.

The leadership of the ARP lay in the hands of less prominent politicians.

The period of his leadership is known in Mexican history as La Reforma del Norte ( The Reform of the North ), and constituted a liberal political and social revolution with major institutional consequences: the expropriation of church lands, the subordination of army to civilian control, liquidation of peasant communal land holdings, the separation of church and state in public affairs, and also the almost-complete disenfranchisement of bishops, priests, nuns and lay brothers.

The leaders of the Catholic Church largely recognised the Parnellite party as guardians of church interests, despite uneasiness with a powerful lay leadership.

From its inception as an educators ' group under Tsunesaburō Makiguchi's leadership, the Sōka Gakkai transformed by the 1930s into a lay religious organization affiliated with the Nichiren Shōshū priesthood.

Its highest decision-making body is the Plenary Assembly, which meets every four years and elects the lay leadership ( Executive Committee ) of the WJC.

The reforms that took place during his reign helped to lay a strong foundation for Qin's eventual unification of China under the Qin Dynasty, under the leadership of Duke Xiao's descendant, Zheng, who became Qin Shi Huang ( First Emperor of Qin ).

The younger PNA was more radical in outlook and generally championed lay leadership over the Church hierarchy.

She is a lay member of the Health Professions Council, chair of the Nursing and Midwifery Council Audit Sub-Committee, a trustee of the Pension Scheme for the Nursing and Midwifery Council and Associated Employers, a member of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority Appeals Committee, and a trainer with Cumberlege Connections Ltd ( a health sector leadership and training consultancy ).

As with all church leadership, the bishop is considered lay clergy and as such is not paid.

We are committed to training ministers and lay persons to be skilled in leadership and the work of the church, through training that is biblically based, contemporary in its application and aimed at realizing the vision of our church.

On the other hand, Catholic education under lay leadership has expanded, and about 20 % of Australian school students attend a Catholic school.

But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses .... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance .... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression ; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole .... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it.

" The book itself shows this was an act of outstanding honor and leadership ; that in fact the causes of the tragedy lay in new technology, fog and a series of small errors resulting in the fleet not being where its navigators believed it should be ; but given the tradition of chain of command, the man at the top took responsibility.

Forced to secrecy, and having a small number of clergymen working underground, the Japanese Church was able to recruit leadership from among lay members.

Imagine the searching and the prayer that lay behind the letter the rector wrote after almost a decade of service to this majestic church.

Some church leaders, both clerical and lay, have criticized the university for not taking the lead in desegregation.

He had never heard so many bells, and as he lay there listening, he thought of her scolding him for his remarks when he had looked up at the obelisk and the church at the top of the Spanish Steps.

Contrary to the dominant lay ministry that existed in the Nephite culture, Nehor established a church in which priests were given a separate social status and were paid for their ministry.

In practice, Presbyterianism meant that committees of lay elders had a substantial voice in church government, as opposed to merely being subjects to a ruling hierarchy.

Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of St Sophia, the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum.

To be elected the First Reader in one's branch church is one of the highest and most important positions the lay Christian Scientist may aspire to.

The other officers may be called " deacons ", " elders " or " session " ( borrowing Presbyterian terminology ), or even " vestry " ( borrowing the Anglican term ) — it is not their label that is important to the theory, but rather their lay status and their equal vote, together with the pastor, in deciding the issues of the church.

* Advocatus Ecclesiae is the Latin title, in the Middle Ages, of certain lay persons, generally of noble birth, whose duty it was, under given conditions, to represent a particular church or monastery, and to defend its rights against force.

The legal right of lay patrons to present clergymen of their choice to local ecclesiastical livings led to minor schisms from the church.

From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being " governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre " and established " its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler ", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft.

Methodist denominations typically give lay members representation at regional and national meetings ( conferences ) at which the business of the church is conducted, making it different from most episcopal government ( The Episcopal Church USA, however, has a representational polity giving lay members, priests, and bishops voting privileges ).

Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion, but their views were taken by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands and later New England, United States, and by evangelical clergy to Ireland and later into Wales, and were spread into lay society by preaching and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge.

According to one story, while his body was lying in state, a thunderstorm developed during the night and lightning struck the church where his body lay, igniting the building.

In the early years of the 19th century, the church carried on revivals and organized congregations, presbyteries, and synods wherever pastors and lay people went, emphasizing the connectional nature of the church.

From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being " governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre " and established " its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler ", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft.

There are two categories of lay speakers: local church lay speakers, who serve in and through their local churches, and certified lay speakers, who serve in their own churches, in other churches, and through district or conference projects and programs.