In great part due to the enlightened statecraft of his two brothers, the Councils of Seville and Toledo emanated Visigothic legislation ; modern historians regard this legislation as exercising a most important influence on the beginnings of representative government.

Such legislation was clarified and extended from time to time thereafter.

At the very moment that every attempt is being made to take management out from under the irrationality of anti-trust legislation, a drive is on to abolish collective bargaining under the guise of extending the anti-monopoly laws to unions who want no more than to continue to set wages in the same way that ship operators set freight rates.

In 1914, the Clayton Act attempted to take labor out from under the anti-trust legislation by stating that human labor was not to be considered a commodity.

We should recall the number of movements for the service of mankind which arose from the kindred Evangelicalism of the British Isles and the Pietism of the Continent of Europe -- among them prison reform, anti-slavery measures, legislation for the alleviation of conditions of labour, the Inner Mission, and the Red Cross.

In time bishops came to be appointed locally rather than from England and eventually national synods began to pass ecclesiastical legislation independent of England.

Although the legislation was not retrospective, five years later the Athenians removed 5000 from the citizen registers when a free gift of grain arrived for all citizens from an Egyptian king.

Stemming from this, the Parliament of England decided that, to ensure the stability and future prosperity of Great Britain, full union of the two parliaments and nations was essential before Anne's death and used a combination of exclusionary legislation ( the Alien Act of 1705 ), politics, and bribery to achieve it within three years under the Act of Union 1707.

Conservative Oklahoma state legislators reacted by demanding Hill's resignation from the university, then introducing a bill to prohibit the university from accepting donations from out-of-state residents, and finally attempting to pass legislation to close down the law school.

* United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal following the disclosure of widespread actual and alleged misuse of the permitted allowances and expenses claimed by Members of Parliament and attempts by MPs and peers to exempt themselves from Freedom of Information legislation.

Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1997 signed legislation designating the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway, the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963, as " Big Apple Corner.

The British Statute of Anne ( 1710 ) further alluded to individual rights of the artist, beginning: " Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing ... Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors ... to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families :" A right to benefit financially from the work is articulated, and court rulings and legislation have recognized a right to control the work, such as ensuring that the integrity of it is preserved.

A right to profit from the work has been the philosophical underpinning for much legislation extending the duration of copyright, to the life of the creator and beyond, to his heirs.

The Northwest Forest Plan, a piece of federal legislation from 1994, mandated that timber companies consider the environmental impacts of their practices on rivers like the Columbia.

His reform legislation was finally rammed through Congress under pressure from younger military officers, who were sick of the neglect of the armed forces, political infighting, social unrest, and galloping inflation.

In the 1945-46 session alone, pensions and other benefits were substantially increased, and from 1945 to 1948, over 200 public Acts of Parliament were passed, with eight major pieces of legislation placed on the statute book in 1946 alone.

Apart from this, when no party has had a majority, minority governments normally have been formed with one or more opposition parties agreeing to vote for the legislation governments need to function, as the Labour government of James Callaghan formed a coalition with the Liberals in 1977 when it lost its narrow majority gained at the October 1974 election.

Suggestions for improvement in the operation of CITES include: more regular missions by the Secretariat ( not reserved just for high profile species ); improvement of national legislation and enforcement ; better reporting by Parties ( and the consolidation of information from all sources-NGOs, TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network and Parties ); more emphasis on enforcement-including a technical committee enforcement officer ; the development of CITES Action Plans ( akin to Biodiversity Action Plans related to the Convention on Biological Diversity ) including: designation of Scientific / Management Authorities and national enforcement strategies ; incentives for reporting and timelines for both Action Plans and reporting.

The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War — the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent ( 11 May 1641 ) -- gave them the legal basis for this view.

The Australian Government has introduced legislation that requires ISP's to " restrict access to age restricted content ( commercial MA15 + content and R18 + content ) either hosted in Australia or provided from Australia " that was due to commence from 20 January 2008, known as Cleanfeed.

Now ( from 10 December 2007 ), in order of Italian legislation system, the law is before the House and has to be passed also by the Camera dei Deputati, the second house of Italian Parliament, to become an effective law.

The sort of remedies sought from courts in Public Interest Litigation go beyond mere award of damages to all affected groups and have sometimes ( controversially ) gone on to include Court monitoring of the implementation of legislation and even the framing of guidelines in the absence of Parliamentary legislation.

For lawyers, reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences, there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '', President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '', the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation.

Can the President or the Secretary act under existing authority, or will new legislation and new money be required??

The President asks the support and cooperation of Congress in his efforts through the enactment of legislation to provide federal grants to states for specified efforts in combating this disturbing crime trend.

`` My approval of this bill should not be viewed as establishing a precedent for the enactment of similar legislation for other mineral industries '', the President said.

* 1977 – U. S. President Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy.

* 1800 – The United States Library of Congress is established when President John Adams signs legislation to appropriate $ 5, 000 USD to purchase " such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ".

According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.

The first attempt at legislation was drafted by the President of the Board of Control, Lord Ellenborough, who had previously served as Governor-General of India ( 1841 – 44 ).

The President succeeded in getting legislation creating a system of licensure for nuclear plants by the AEC.

* 1980 – President Jimmy Carter authorizes legislation giving $ 1. 5 billion in loans to bail out the Chrysler Corporation.

In legislation enacted on October 31, Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order.

President Diori signed legislation to end the employment of expatriate military officers in 1965, some continued to serve until the 1974 coup, when all French military presence was evacuated.

The first effort by any government to set aside such protected lands was in the United States, on April 20, 1832, when President Andrew Jackson signed legislation that the 22nd United States Congress had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is now Hot Springs, Arkansas to protect the natural, thermal springs and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the US government.

Some presidencies, such as that of Ireland, are largely ceremonial, whereas other systems vest the President with substantive powers such as the appointment and dismissal of Prime Ministers or cabinets, the power to declare war, and powers of veto on legislation.

* 1966 – U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, writes a letter to Congress urging the enactment of gun control legislation.

Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds, and those agreements that impose long-term, complex legal obligations on the U. S.

On November 21, 1997, President Bill Clinton signed S. 923, special legislation introduced by Senator Arlen Specter to bar McVeigh and other veterans convicted of crimes from being buried in any military cemetery.

The President tailors her recommendations so that their natural implication is the enactment of new legislation, rather then some other action that Congress might undertake.

Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment replaced that provision of the Twelfth Amendment by changing the date for the commencement of Presidential terms to January 20, clarifying that the Vice President-elect would only act as President if the House has not chosen a President by January 20, and permitting the Congress to direct, through legislation, " who shall then act as President " if there is no President-elect or Vice President-elect by January 20.

The House of Representatives and Senate approved legislation to establish a Department of Foreign Affairs on July 21, 1789, and President Washington signed it into law on July 27, making the Department of Foreign Affairs the first Federal agency to be created under the new Constitution.

President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15.

The bill passed through the Senate and was signed into legislation by President Bush on December 27, 2007.

The Vietnamese constitution and legislation provide for regular elections for the office of the President of the Socialist Republic, the National Assembly and the People's Councils.