⟨ gh ⟩ which came about when the letter yogh was removed from the alphabet, and took various values including,,, and.

The initial letter is the Middle Scots letter, " yogh ", the pronunciation of which is almost identical to the original Norn sound, "".

When the use of the letter yogh was discontinued, it was often replaced by the similar-looking letter z, hence Zetland, the mis-spelled form used to describe the pre-1975 county council.

In Modern English, there is also some historical influence from the old English letter yogh ( Ȝȝ ), which develop from Semitic gimel, as shown below.

The town of Hamilton was originally known as Cadzow or Cadyou (, the "" being the letter yogh ), pronounced / kadyu /.

Brown University suggests that the form " Layamon " is etymologically incorrect, while The Fifth International Conference on Brut at Brown University mentions: " BL MS Cotton Caligula A. ix spells it "" ( the third letter is called a " yogh ").

* The Scottish name Menzies is correctly pronounced, and a shortened form is " Ming " ( because the letter typed ' z ' is actually the letter yogh, which is still used in the 27-letter Scottish alphabet ; but typewriters throughout the UK only use 26 ):

The town of Hamilton was formerly known as Cadzow or Cadyou (, the "" being the letter yogh ), until renamed in 1455 in honour of James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton.

Also spelt Capercailzie ( the " z " letter representing a yogh ), this species ' name is derived from the Gaelic capull coille, meaning " horse of the woods ".

When use of the letter yogh was discontinued, it was often replaced by the similar-looking letter z, hence Zetland, the mispronounced form used to describe the pre-1975 county council.

The Anglicised Mackenzie had originally been pronounced " Mackaingye " – with a modern English Y sound represented with the letter yogh.

In the 18th century it became popular to write and pronounce the name with what is the equivalent of a modern English Z sound, because of the similarity of the letter yogh and letter Z.

The name is historically pronounced, as it still is in Scotland,, since the < z > was a surrogate for the letter <> ( yogh ).

It was first used by the Irish, passed into Old English, and developed into the Middle English letter yogh ( Ȝ ȝ ).

The name Menzies is traditionally pronounced, as the " z " is historically the letter ( yogh ).

The insular G survived for a while as the letter yogh before being dropped from the English alphabet.

This is due to the original spelling, Lenȝie, containing the letter yogh, was later erroneously confused with the tailed z.

When in one letter Jessica informed me that her father did not like the idea of her going out alone on New Year's Eve, I knew for a moment an immense relief ; ;

A Specimen of typeset font s and language s, by William Caslon, letter founder ; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | Cyclopaedia.

In standard Spanish, it is possible to tell the pronunciation of a word from its spelling, but not vice versa ; this is because certain phonemes can be represented in more than one way, but a given letter is consistently pronounced.

Alpha ( uppercase Α, lowercase α ; Álpha ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet.

Although he was not an innovator, he would not follow the absolute letter of the law ; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into Roman law many important new principles based upon this notion.

In a perfect anagram, every letter must be used, with exactly the same number of occurrences as in the anagrammed word or phrase ; any result that falls short is called an imperfect anagram.

The first nine probably date from the 3rd century BC, they are usually included among the Cynic epistles, and reflect how the Cynic philosophers viewed him as prefiguring many of their ideas ; the tenth letter is quoted by Diogenes Laertius, it is addressed to Croesus, the proverbially rich king of Lydia, it too is fictitious:

empire the records have not yet been unearthed ; but in a letter dating from the third millennium BC, six men of Hanat ( Ha-na-atK1 ) are mentioned in a statement as to certain disturbances which had occurred in the sphere of the Babylonian

In his last surviving letter from 14 October 1791, Mozart tells his wife that he collected Salieri and Caterina Cavalieri in his carriage and drove them both to the opera ; about Salieri's attendance at his opera The Magic Flute, speaking enthusiastically: " He heard and saw with all his attention, and from the overture to the last choir there was not a piece that didn't elicit a ' Bravo!

The basic needs of the fort were met by a mixture of direct production, purchase and requisition ; in one letter, a request for money to buy 5, 000 modii ( measures ) of braces ( a cereal used in brewing ) shows that the fort bought provisions for a considerable number of people.

Twenty-eight members signed Abba Mari's letter of approval ; the others, under Tibbon's leadership, addressed another letter to Ben Adret, rebuking him and his colleagues for condemning a whole community without knowledge of the local conditions.

The printed edition ( Presburg, 1838 ), prepared by M. L. Bislichis, contains: ( 1 ) Preface ; ( 2 ) a treatise of eighteen chapters on the incorporeality of God ; ( 3 ) correspondence ; ( 4 ) a treatise, called Sefer ha-Yarḥi, included also in letter 58 ; ( 5 ) a defense of The Guide and its author by Shem-Tob Palquera ( Grätz, Gesch.

Jerome states that Apollos was so dissatisfied with the division at Corinth, that he retired to Crete with Zenas, a doctor of the law ; and that the schism having been healed by Paul's letter to the Corinthians, Apollos returned to the city, and became its bishop.

His reputation was not confined to Europe ; a Chinese mandarin sent him a letter addressed to " the illustrious Boerhaave, physician in Europe ," and it reached him in due course.

The use of letter " i " prefixes and suffixes to denote information technology or interactivity was very much in vogue at this time, notably with the launch of the iMac and the iPod by Apple Computer ; according to the BBC, the " i " in BBCi stood for " interactivity " as well as " innovation ".

He could almost certainly read and write ; he communicated with merchants and when killed had in his possession a letter addressed to him by the Chief Justice and Secretary of the Province of Carolina, Tobias Knight.

: The 2br enzymes, with the letter " r " denoting reduced binding to clavulanic acid and sulbactam, are also called inhibitor-resistant TEM-derivative enzymes ; nevertheless, they are commonly still susceptible to tazobactam, except where an amino acid replacement exists at position met69.

There is no consensus on some terms describing carbon nanotubes in scientific literature: both "- wall " and "- walled " are being used in combination with " single ", " double ", " triple " or " multi ", and the letter C is often omitted in the abbreviation ; for example, multi-walled carbon nanotube ( MWNT ).

The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y: The letter Y stands for the consonant in " yoke ", the vowel in " myth " and the vowel in " funny ", and " yummy " for both consonant and vowel, for examples ; W almost always represents a consonant except in rare words ( mostly loanwords from Welsh ) like " crwth " " cwm ".

A simple electric circuit, where current is represented by the letter i. The relationship between the voltage ( V ), resistance ( R ), and current ( I ) is V = IR ; this is known as Ohm's Law.

In the Middle East, Aramaic gave rise to the Hebrew and Nabataean abjads, which retained many of the Aramaic letter forms.

The name " epsilon " (, " simple e ") was coined in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph αι, a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.

The letter ð was used throughout the Anglo-Saxon era, but gradually fell out of use in Middle English, practically disappearing altogether by 1300 ; þ survived longer, ultimately being replaced by the modern digraph th by about 1500.

An Old and Middle English letter has become a false friend in modern English: the letters thorn ( þ ) and eth ( ð ) were used interchangeably to represent voiced and voiceless dental fricatives now written in English as th ( as in " thick " and " the ").

During the Middle Ages, Saint Jerome was considered the author of all the biographies up until those of Pope Damasus I ( 366 – 383 ), based on an apocryphal letter between Saint Jerome and Pope Damasus published as a preface to the Medieval manuscripts.

" Poetry and letter writing, for instance, became a central component of rhetorical study during the Middle Ages.

It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelsamer in the 16th century,

The lowercase letter r — For a form used in the Middle Ages, see half r.

Thorn or þorn ( Þ, þ ) is a letter in the Old English, Gothic, Old Norse, and Icelandic alphabets, as well as some dialects of Middle English.

The letter thorn was used for writing Old English very early on, as was ð ; but, unlike ð, thorn remained in common use through most of the Middle English period.

The following were abbreviations during Middle and Early Modern English using the letter thorn:

On September 21, 2001, Mineta sent a letter to all U. S. airlines forbidding them from practicing racial profiling ; or subjecting Middle Eastern or Muslim passengers to a heightened degree of pre-flight scrutiny.

Another reason the Islamic world flourished during the Middle Ages was an early emphasis on freedom of speech, as summarized by al-Hashimi ( a cousin of Caliph al-Ma ' mun ) in the following letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason:

During the Middle Ages, the art of letter writing was taught in numerous manuals, and the ars dictaminis became an important genre of instructional discourse.

The necessity for letter writing was in large part due to the general deterioration of civil life and the decay of the Roman road system in the early Middle Ages, factors that obliged literate people with business to transact to send letters instead of travel themselves.

* The letter thorn ( þ ), which was already being replaced by th in Middle English, finally fell into disuse.

In Middle English, thou was sometimes abbreviated by putting a small " u " over the letter thorn:.

New Chronologist Bernard Newgrosh argues that such a hypothesis is plausible because the Ashuruballit of the Amarna letter gives a different name for his father than is given for Ashuruballit I in the Assyrian King List, and that the historical setting recorded in the annals of the early Middle Assyrian ruler differs from information gleaned from the Amarna correspondent ’ s letters.

* Thorn ( letter ) ( þ ), a letter in the Old English, Old Norse, and Icelandic alphabets, as well as some dialects of Middle English