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Page "Photometer" ¶ 14
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light and sensing
The retina of felids also contains a relatively high proportion of rod cells, adapted for perfectly distinguishing moving objects in conditions of dim light, which are complemented by the presence of cone cells for sensing color during the day.
Using sensing technologies such as EEG electrodes or accelerometers, these alarm clocks are supposed to wake people only from light sleep.
Arabidopsis was the first plant genome to be sequenced, and is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.
LIDAR ( Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR ) is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light sensing cells sit at the back side of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the rods and cones.
In 1995 Maytag introduced an " intelligent " dishwasher based on a fuzzy controller and a " one-stop sensing module " that combines a thermistor, for temperature measurement ; a conductivity sensor, to measure detergent level from the ions present in the wash ; a turbidity sensor that measures scattered and transmitted light to measure the soiling of the wash ; and a magnetostrictive sensor to read spin rate.
Just like a light gun, a light pen works by sensing the sudden small change in brightness of a point on the screen when the electron gun refreshes that spot.
At the top can be seen the housing, interrupter disk, and light source ; at the bottom can be seen the sensing element and support components.
Less pigmented by retinal iodopsins ( three forms / colors in humans ), responsible for color vision and sensing relatively high light intensities ( day vision ), are less impaired at early stages of the vitamin A deficiency.
The light gun sends a signal after sensing the sudden small change in brightness of a point on the screen when the electron gun refreshes that spot.
range-finding, telecommunications, infra-red countermeasures, spectroscopic sensing, generation of radio-frequency or terahertz waves, atomic clock state preparation, quantum key cryptography, frequency doubling and conversion, water purification ( in the UV ), and photodynamic therapy ( where a particular wavelength of light would cause a substance such as porphyrin to become chemically active as an anti-cancer agent only where the tissue is illuminated by light ).
Uses where the desired quality of laser diodes is their ability to generate ultra-short pulses of light by the technique known as " mode-locking " include clock distribution for high-performance integrated circuits, high-peak-power sources for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy sensing, arbitrary waveform generation for radio-frequency waves, photonic sampling for analog-to-digital conversion, and optical code-division-multiple-access systems for secure communication.
The adult also has a single eye, although this is probably only capable of sensing the difference between light and dark.
The science of photonics includes the generation, emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and detection / sensing of light.
For example, a satellite image derived from remote sensing might record varying degrees of light pollution.
phosphoreum are symbiotes of other marine organisms ( typically jellyfish, fish, or squid ), and produce light via bioluminescence through the mechanism of quorum sensing.
LIDAR ( Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR ) is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser.
In urban ecology, remote sensing is used to collect data about terrain, weather patterns, light, and vegetation.
One application of remote sensing for urban ecology is to detect the productivity of an area by measuring the photosynthetic wavelengths of emitted light.
Goblin sharks hunt by sensing the presence of prey with electro-sensitive organs in the rostrum, or snout, due to the absence of light in the deep waters where it swims.
To eliminate non-gravitational forces such as light pressure and solar wind on the test masses, each spacecraft is constructed as a zero-drag satellite, and effectively floats around the masses, using capacitive sensing to determine their position relative to the spacecraft, and very precise thrusters to keep itself centered around them.
* a flow cell-liquid stream ( sheath fluid ), which carries and aligns the cells so that they pass single file through the light beam for sensing

light and element
The manifestations of the element are found in the sun, volcanoes, lava and all forms of light.
The illumination of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of light and shadow is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox.
Its salts are rose-colored, and the element has characteristic sharp absorption spectra bands in visible light, ultraviolet, and near infrared.
While people expected elements with higher atomic number to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to actually split a heavier atom into two light element fragments, and it was thought still more unlikely that slow neutrons could accomplish such a task.
Each element may only be influenced by events which are located in the backward light cone of its point in spacetime ( i. e. the past ).
Fusion rockets, powered by nuclear fusion reactions, would " burn " such light element fuels as deuterium, tritium, or < sup > 3 </ sup > He.
Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities ( often accentuating the effects of the passage of time ), common, ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
In a flat d-dimensional space M, at any given time, the configuration of two identical particles can be specified as an element of M × M. If there is no overlap between the particles, so that they do not interact ( at the same time, we are not referring to time delayed interactions here, which are mediated at the speed of light or slower ), then we are dealing with the space
When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the Jones matrix of the optical element and the Jones vector of the incident light.
The application in carbon arc light led to the exposure of people to rare earth element oxides and fluorides, sometimes led to pneumoconiosis.
As an extreme example of the nature of light-slowing in matter, two independent teams of physicists were able to bring light to a " complete standstill " by passing it through a Bose-Einstein Condensate of the element rubidium, one team at Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science in Cambridge, Mass., and the other at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, also in Cambridge.
Neodymium is typically 10 % to 18 % of the rare earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare earth element minerals bastnasite and monazite.
Numerical modeling techniques such as the finite element method, the boundary element method and the transmission-line matrix method can be used to model the propagation of light in systems which cannot be solved analytically.
* Texel ( texture element ) and luxel ( lux element ) are words used to describe a pixel when it is used in specific context ( texturing and light mapping respectively )
In most digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the Bayer filter arrangement, so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light.
Alluding to the scintilla, the spark from ‘ the light of nature ’ and symbol of the anima mundi, Khunrath in Gnostic vein stated of the Protean element Mercury:
Quantum mechanics was initially developed to provide a better explanation of the atom, especially the differences in the spectra of light emitted by different isotopes of the same element.
The first cold fusion experiments involving element 104 were done in 1974 at Dubna, by using light titanium-50 nuclei aimed at lead-208 isotope targets:

light and photon
A low-intensity double-slit experiment was first performed by G. Taylor in 1909, by reducing the level of incident light until photon emission / absorption events were mostly nonoverlapping.
The quantum nature of light becomes more apparent at high frequencies ( or high photon energy ).
Later, Albert Einstein proposed that the quanta of light might be regarded as real particles, and ( still later ) the particle of light was given the name photon, to correspond with other particles being described around this time, such as the electron and proton.
When an electron in an excited molecule or atom descends to a lower energy level, it emits a photon of light equal to the energy difference.
* 1. 6 to 3. 4 eV: the photon energy of visible light.
A photon with a wavelength of 532 nm ( green light ) would have an energy of approximately 2. 33 eV.
The changing rates of clocks allowed Einstein to conclude that light waves change frequency as they move, and the frequency / energy relationship for photons allowed him to see that this was best interpreted as the effect of the gravitational field on the mass – energy of the photon.
One consequence of this theory is a variable speed of light, where photon speed would vary with energy, and some zero-mass particles might possibly travel faster than c. However, even if this theory is accurate, it is still very unclear whether it would allow information to be communicated, and appears not in any case to allow massive particles to exceed c.
Fluorescence occurs when an orbital electron of a molecule, atom or nanostructure relaxes to its ground state by emitting a photon of light after being excited to a higher quantum state by some type of energy:
here is a generic term for photon energy with h = Planck's constant and = frequency of light.
Radiosity, ray tracing, beam tracing, cone tracing, path tracing, Metropolis light transport, ambient occlusion, photon mapping, and image based lighting are examples of algorithms used in global illumination, some of which may be used together to yield results that are not fast, but accurate.
In the latter case, the photon is emitted in the same direction as the light that is passing by.
The resonator typically consists of two mirrors between which a coherent beam of light travels in both directions, reflecting back on itself so that an average photon will pass through the gain medium repeatedly before it is emitted from the output aperture or lost to diffraction or absorption.
This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light ( corresponding to the energy of the photon ) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
A convoluted chip surface with angled facets similar to a jewel or fresnel lens can increase light output by allowing light to be emitted perpendicular to the chip surface while far to the sides of the photon emission point.
The ideal shape of a semiconductor with maximum light output would be a microsphere with the photon emission occurring at the exact center, with electrodes penetrating to the center to contact at the emission point.
* Second harmonic generation ( SHG ), or frequency doubling, generation of light with a doubled frequency ( half the wavelength ), two photons are destroyed creating a single photon at two times the frequency.
* Third harmonic generation ( THG ), generation of light with a tripled frequency ( one-third the wavelength ), three photons are destroyed creating a single photon at three times the frequency.
A photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force, even when static via virtual photons.
The modern photon concept was developed gradually by Albert Einstein to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light.
In 1926 the chemist Gilbert N. Lewis coined the name photon for these particles, and after 1927, when Arthur H. Compton won the Nobel Prize for his scattering studies, most scientists accepted the validity that quanta of light have an independent existence, and Lewis ' term photon for light quanta was accepted.

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