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Page "Longitude" ¶ 2
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longitude and shown
The following are some features that might be shown on a general-purpose maps: bodies of water, roads, railway lines, parks, elevations, towns and cities, political boundaries, latitude and longitude, national and provincial parks.
The treatise on " Mechanics " in Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia was partly written by him ; and his interest in more purely astronomical questions was shown by two communications to the Astronomical Society's Memoirs for 1831 – 1833 — one on an observation of Saturn's outer ring, the other on a method of determining longitude by means of lunar eclipses.
Positions of places shown on the chart can be measured from the longitude and latitude scales on the borders of the chart, relative to a map datum such as WGS 84.
Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock, while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time ( also known as GMT ) makes the moment an hour later.
The map shown above is based on this relationship ; it shows a Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection map of the Earth, in yellow, overlaid on which is another map, in blue, shifted horizontally by 180 ° of longitude and inverted about the equator with respect to latitude.
Since meridians ( loci of constant longitude ) and the equator are great circles, they are always shown as straight lines.
Unlike the Cartesian coordinates of the plane, coordinate differences are not the same as distances on the surface, as shown in the diagram on the right: for someone at the equator, moving 30 degrees of longitude westward ( magenta line ) corresponds to a distance of roughly.
The Ottorokora city is shown as located at longitude of 165 ° 37 ' 25 " E. Ptolemy has also referred to one mountain by the same name and fixes at with longitude from 169 ° 39 ' to 176 ° 39 ' E.

longitude and on
A Hebrew treatise on computational astronomy dated to AD 1378 / 79, alludes to the Atlantis myth in a discussion concerning the determination of zero points for the calculation of longitude:
Note that positions on a surface in navigation use latitude and longitude in a similar two dimensional system.
A surface such as a plane or the surface of a cylinder or sphere has a dimension of two because two coordinates are needed to specify a point on it ( for example, to locate a point on the surface of a sphere you need both its latitude and its longitude ).
The Degree Confluence Project is a World Wide Web-based all-volunteer project which aims to have people visit each of the integer degree intersections of latitude and longitude on Earth, posting photographs and a narrative of each visit online.
Between 57. 3 and 59. 5 latitude and 21. 5 and 28. 1 longitude, Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform.
In the introduction to Newcomb's Tables of the Sun ( 1895 ) the basis of the tables ( p. 9 ) includes a formula for the Sun's mean longitude, at a time indicated by interval T ( in Julian centuries of 36525 mean solar days ) reckoned from Greenwich Mean Noon on 0 January 1900:
Because times of sunset and sunrise, unlike the phenomenon described in preceding paragraphs, vary with an observer's geographic location ( longitude and latitude ), these dates likewise depend on location and do not exist for locations sufficiently close to the Equator.
As a result of these discoveries, Galileo was able to develop a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons.
As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT in order to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees ( this convention was internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884 ).
A longitude describes the location of a place on Earth east or west of a north-south line called the Prime Meridian.
Many solutions were proposed for how to determine longitude at the end of an exploratory sea voyage and hence the longitude of the place that was visited ( in case one would want to revisit it, place it on a map, or more urgently, avoid known marine hazards ).
Be it known to all people: That on the tenth of May, A. D. 1922, the undersigned agent of the Island of Palmyra Copra Co., Ltd., landed from the motorship Palmyra doth, on this tenth day of May, A. D. 1922, take formal possession of this island, called Kingman Reef, situated in longitude 162 degrees 18 ' west and 6 degrees 23 ' north, on behalf of the United States of America and claim the same for said company.
The graticule determines the latitude and longitude of position on the surface.
Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.
The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections.
Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface.
Since there are many different reference ellipsoids the latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique: this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that " without the full specification of the coordinate reference system, coordinates ( that is latitude and longitude ) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst ".
The name " isometric " arises from the fact that at any point on the ellipsoid equal increments of ψ and longitude λ give rise to equal distance displacements along the meridians and parallels respectively.

longitude and maps
Ptolemy derived his maps from a curved globe and developed the system of latitude, longitude, and climes.
The division of the degree into hundredths was accompanied by the division of the day into 10 hours of 100 minutes and maps were required to show the new degrees of latitude and longitude.
China's topographic maps follow the international system of subdivision with 1: 100, 000 maps spanning 30 minutes longitude by 20 minutes latitude.
The USGS also publishes 1: 100, 000 maps covering 30 minutes latitude by one degree longitude, 1: 250, 000 covering one by two degrees, and state maps at 1: 500, 000 with California, Michigan and Montana needing two sheets while Texas has four.
The longitude meridians of world maps based on the prime meridian, placing Greenwich, London in the centre, has been in use since 1851.
There are 16 ° errors in the location of many of the places, whereas modern maps seldom have more than 1 °, because longitude was very difficult to ascertain before the invention of accurate clocks.
Some old maps in the Mercator projection have grids composed of lines of latitude and longitude but also show rhumb lines which are oriented directly towards North, at a right angle from the North, or at some angle from the North which is some simple rational fraction of a right angle.
Englishman John Speed's Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine published in 1611 provided gazetteers for counties throughout England, which included illustrative maps, short local histories, a list of administrative hundreds, an index of parishes, and the coordinates of longitude and latitude for county towns.
Anglers can now use many available maps and surveys to help pinpoint lakes and areas within those lakes that make sense to try for specific fish, noting those locations in latitude and longitude coordinates.
Apart from maps, he published journals and navigational guides and developed a new method for determining longitude.
Most maps show the lines of longitude.
The difference between the coastlines on the two maps sometimes can be as much as ½ ° latitude and 1 ° longitude.
Such early maps rarely had an associated scale, legends or oriented themselves to lines of longitude or latitude ( Campbell and Egbert 1990 ).
A variscale is variable length mechanical scale ( ruler ) designed to directly measure latitude and longitude on USGS maps.
This projection maps to be the value of the longitude and to be the value of the latitude, and therefore is sometimes called the latitude / longitude or lat / lon ( g ) projection or is said ( erroneously ) to be “ unprojected ”.
Calculating the distance between two points on these maps could be performed more easily in the field ( using the Pythagorean theorem ) than was possible using the trigonometric formulas required under the graticule-based system of latitude and longitude.

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