Bolometric magnitude corresponds to luminosity, expressed in magnitude units ; that is, after taking into account all electromagnetic wavelengths, including those unobserved due to instrumental pass-band, the Earth's atmospheric absorption, or extinction by interstellar dust.

Newer calculations showed that if the Starfish Prime warhead had been detonated over the northern continental United States, the magnitude of the EMP would have been much larger ( 22 to 30 kilovolts / metre ) because of the greater strength of the Earth's magnetic field over the United States, as well as the different orientation of the Earth's magnetic field at high latitudes.

The term " precession " typically refers only to this largest secular motion ; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis — nutation and polar motion — are much smaller in magnitude.

At any given point on the Earth's surface, the magnitude and direction of the wind would vary with time of day and season.

Additionally, due to the Earth's rotation, the wind would be expected to show periodic changes in direction and magnitude during the course of a sidereal day.

The variation in magnitude caused by changes in elongation are greater the closer the planet's orbit is to the Earth's.

Since asteroids travel in an orbit not much larger than the Earth's, their magnitude can vary greatly depending on elongation.

Its magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25, 000 to 65, 000 nanoteslas ( 0. 25 to 0. 65 gauss ).

Often, for convenience, the magnitude of a shock is stated as a multiple of the standard acceleration due to free fall in the Earth's gravity, a quantity with the symbol g having the value 9. 80665 m / s < sup > 2 </ sup >.

Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars ( now known to be illusory – see stellar magnitude ), and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as heliocentrism required, stars would have to be huge ( much larger than the sun ; the size of Earth's orbit or larger ).

He therefore was led to inquire whether, if the Earth's attraction extended to the moon, the force at that distance would be of the exact magnitude necessary to retain the moon in its orbit.

This estimate of the Earth's magnitude, giving 691 miles ( 1112 km ) to 10 °, made the two results, the discrepancy between which Newton had regarded as a disproof of his conjecture, to agree so exactly that he now regarded his conjecture as fully established.

The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's rotation, and local geography of the sea floor and coastlines.

When solar irradiance is measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, the measurements can be adjusted using the inverse square law to infer the magnitude of solar irradiance at one AU and deduce the solar constant.

The 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean Earthquake () of Sunday, 22 May 1960 is to date the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Earth's history, rating 9. 5 on the moment magnitude scale.

( By comparison, Earth's full moon is magnitude − 12. 6, and Venus at its brightest is − 4. 7.

The prologue of Saber Marionette J is set sometime into the 22nd century, when Earth's population has grown to such a magnitude that humanity cannot feasibly continue without colonizing space.

Unlike the moment magnitude scale ( formerly Richter scale ), which measures the energy released by the earthquake, the JMA scale describes the degree of shaking at a point on the Earth's surface, and is analogous to the Mercalli intensity scale.

In the 1998 paper, CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic's view of potential climate change Idso said: " Several of these cooling forces have individually been estimated to be of equivalent magnitude, but of opposite sign, to the typically predicted greenhouse effect of a doubling of the air ’ s CO2 content, which suggests to me that little net temperature change will ultimately result from the ongoing buildup of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere.

Bryson also speaks about modern scientific views on human effects on the Earth's climate and livelihood of other species, and the magnitude of natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and the mass extinctions caused by some of these events.

TRM is the main reason that paleomagnetists are able to deduce the direction and magnitude of the ancient Earth's field.

* Atmospheric electricity-determining the magnitude of the Earth's electric field and recording its vertical component ;

One building tilted by as much as 19 degrees, but generally, the magnitude of tilt was within 2 to 5 degrees.

The magnitude of the bias is significant here, as opposed to the magnitude of the probability itself.

Neocatastrophism is the explanation of sudden extinctions in the palaeontological record by high magnitude, low frequency events, as opposed to the more prevalent geomorphological thought which emphasises low magnitude, high frequency events.

Challenging and corresponding to a magnitude of capital investment that few entities could readily fund, gigantic coilguns with projectile mass and velocity on the scale of gigajoules of kinetic energy ( as opposed to megajoules or less ) have not been developed so far, but such have been proposed as launchers from the Moon or from Earth:

Such applications really need encoders with built-in bearings, which can tolerate an air gap many orders of magnitude smaller because of the greatly reduced play on the actual sensor as opposed to that of the motor bearing.

Epsilon Ursae Majoris ( Epsilon UMa, ε Ursae Majoris, ε UMa ) is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Major ( despite its Bayer designation being merely " epsilon "), and at magnitude 1. 76 is the thirty-first brightest star in the sky.

For Honey this seems merely to be an esoteric and engaging problem in pure science ; for Scott it is a concern of the first magnitude, as Reindeers are crossing the North Atlantic daily, carrying hundreds of passengers.

It was only at this point that Stanley was informed of the magnitude of Leopold's ambition: Stanley was not merely to construct a series of trading stations, he was to secretly carve out an entire nation.

If this story is true, it reveals the magnitude of the immediate impact of Wright's architecture in European circles, since Behrens could have conceivably received a copy of the Wasmuth portfolio merely days or weeks after its publication.

The submarine has increased its effectiveness by several orders of magnitude since World War 2.

Its apparent magnitude is 10. 6, and it is unique because it is younger than most other globular clusters in the same region as determined by its metallicity.

The apparent magnitude ( m ) of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere.

The brighter the object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude.

In astronomy, to derive absolute magnitude from the observed apparent magnitude of a celestial object its value is corrected from distance to its observer.

The dimmer an object ( at a distance of 10 parsecs ) would appear, the higher ( more positive ) its absolute magnitude becomes.

The lower ( more negative ) an object's absolute magnitude, the higher its luminosity.

One can compute the absolute magnitude of an object given its apparent magnitude and luminosity distance:

In the Euclidean approximation for nearby objects, the absolute magnitude of a star can be calculated from its apparent magnitude and parallax:

You can also compute the absolute magnitude of an object given its apparent magnitude and distance modulus:

Given the absolute magnitude, you can also compute apparent magnitude from its parallax:

Anomalous perturbations are divided into two categories based on the magnitude of its effects, Macro-AP and Micro-AP.

Hogarth, for example, thinks that beauty consists of ( 1 ) fitness of the parts to some design ; ( 2 ) variety in as many ways as possible ; ( 3 ) uniformity, regularity or symmetry, which is only beautiful when it helps to preserve the character of fitness ; ( 4 ) simplicity or distinctness, which gives pleasure not in itself, but through its enabling the eye to enjoy variety with ease ; ( 5 ) intricacy, which provides employment for our active energies, leading the eye on " a wanton kind of chase "; and ( 6 ) quantity or magnitude, which draws our attention and produces admiration and awe.

Arcturus is notable for its high proper motion, larger than any first magnitude star in the stellar neighborhood other than α Centauri.

A special case is the inner product of a vector with itself, which is square of its norm ( magnitude ):

Another adjunct, the varying speed of light model has also been theorized by Jean-Pierre Petit in 1988, John Moffat in 1992 as well Andreas Albrecht and João Magueijo in 1999, instead of superluminal expansion the speed of light was 60 orders of magnitude faster than its current value solving the horizon and homogeneity problems in the early universe.

Capricorn is a faint constellation, with only one star above magnitude 3 ; its alpha star has a magnitude of only 3. 6.