The period 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the Sumerian abacus, a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system.

* Binary prefix, indicating magnitude multipliers in a base-two number system ( e. g., kilo -, kibi -, etc.

AA Ceti is a triple star system ; the brightest member has a magnitude of 6. 2.

Traditionally called Rigil Kentaurus or Toliman, meaning " foot of the centaur ", the system has an overall magnitude of-0. 28 and is 4. 4 light-years from Earth.

It is consistent with the big endianness of the Indian decimal numbering system, which progresses from the highest to the lowest order magnitude.

The system, 197 light-years away, has a primary of magnitude 5. 4 that is itself a binary star ; its components are of magnitude 6. 0 and 6. 3 and have a period of 101 years.

This view was elaborated in traditional Jain cosmology and Buddhist cosmology, which depicts the cosmos as a vast, flat oceanic disk ( of the magnitude of a small planetary system ), bounded by mountains, in which the continents are set as small islands.

Consistent with the symmetry of the hyperbola, if the transverse axis is aligned with the x-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, the slopes of the asymptotes are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, ±, where b = a × tan ( θ ) and where θ is the angle between the transverse axis and either asymptote.

The Hagia Sophia architects innovatively combined the longitudinal structure of a Roman basilica and the central plan of a drum-supported dome, in order to withstand the high magnitude earthquakes of the Marmara Region, “ However, in May 558, little more than 20 years after the Church ’ s dedication, following the earthquakes of August 553 and December 557, parts of the central dome and its supporting structure system collapsed .” The Hagia Sophia was repeatedly cracked by earthquakes and was quickly repaired.

The main star of this multiple star system is of magnitude 3. 24m and spectral class B9 III.

WASP-7 is a star of magnitude 9. 54 which has been discovered to have an exoplanet WASP-7b, and AU Microscopii is a young star which appears to be a solar system in the making with a debris disk.

Intensive quantity: the magnitude is independent of the extent of the system ( temperature, pressure, etc.

The constituency or district magnitude ( DM ) of a system is therefore measured by the number of seats per constituency.

The higher the district magnitude, the more proportional an electoral system becomes-the most proportional being when there is no division into constituencies at all and the entire country is treated as a single constituency.

The star as seen from earth is actually a triple star system, with the primary star ( Rigel A ) a blue-white supergiant of absolute magnitude – 7. 84 and around 117, 000 times as luminous as our sun.

The UBV photometric system measures the magnitude of stars through ultraviolet, blue, and yellow filters, producing U, B, and V values, respectively.

Amplitude is the magnitude of change in the oscillating variable with each oscillation within an oscillating system.

When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction on that system.

In a linear phase system ( with non-inverting gain ), both and are constant and equal to the same overall delay of the system and the unwrapped phase shift of the system is negative with magnitude increasing linearly with frequency ω.

In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase ( within a frequency band ) the magnitude of some ( usually higher ) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other ( usually lower ) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system.

Critical frequency is the highest magnitude of frequency above which the waves penetrates the ionosphere and below which the waves are reflected back from the ionosphere.

The British government did not approve of the actions of Sir Benjamin d ' Urban, and the British Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Glenelg, declared in a letter to the King that " the great evil of the Cape Colony consists in its magnitude " and demanded that the boundary be moved back to the Fish River.

Most countries recognize this, and if their counterintelligence agencies capture a foreign spy, that spy is usually unceremoniously deported or traded back to their homeland ( for other spies ) after a hostile debriefing ; actual execution or refusal to trade back foreign spies with non-official cover would result in consequences in bilateral relations of the gravest possible magnitude, being an extraordinarily hostile act, even if those consequences were unofficially and extrajudicially imposed.

From a Balkan power of dominant magnitude Greece was thrown back into the unenviable position she occupied after the disastrous Greco-Turkish War of 1897.

When the back stress is the same magnitude as the applied stress, the material no longer creeps.

Only on the ship back to England, with her constraining female clothes and an incident in which a flash of her ankle nearly results in a sailor's falling to his death, does she realise the magnitude of becoming a woman ; yet she concludes the overall advantages, declaring ' Praise God I'm a woman!

Choosing a very restrictive gene such as mtDNA which is only inherited along the female lineage Mitochondrial Eve or the male equivalent Y-chromosomal Adam are examples of such MRCAs which yields TMRCA estimates orders of magnitude further back in time than TMRCA if any possible line of descendancy is allowed.

In order for the transmitter to feed power to the receiver as efficiently as it would in a closed low-loss circuit, the power transferred to the receiver should be able to transfer power of the same order of magnitude reciprocally back to the transmitter.

Streech continued in his interview: " Nobody likes to see a downturn of this magnitude, but while other builders have been pulling back, closing factories, or failing, we have been busy designing, developing, building and introducing new models.

Although this interval is still orders of magnitude longer than the Planck time, other experiments currently coming online including the Planck Surveyor probe, promise to push back our ' cosmic clock ' further to reveal quite a bit more about the very first moments of our universe's history, hopefully giving us some insight into the Planck epoch itself.

Tracing back the orbits of Ikeya – Seki and the Great Comet of 1882, Marsden found that at their previous perihelion passage, the difference between their orbital elements was of the same order of magnitude as the difference between the elements of the fragments of Ikeya – Seki after it broke up.

Finally, the amplified laser pulse is recompressed back to the original pulse width through the reversal process of stretching, achieving orders of magnitude higher peak power than laser systems could generate before the invention of CPA.

The first solution, proposed by Malmquist in his 1922 work, was to correct the calculated average absolute magnitude () of the sample back to the true average absolute magnitude ( M < sub > 0 </ sub >).

On January 24 of 1980, a 5. 5 magnitude earthquake at Livermore shook the facility enough to shear fist-sized bolts off Shiva ; repairs were made and the laser was subsequently put back online a month later.

At room temperature the magnitude of this fractionation is roughly 0. 25 ‰ ( 0. 025 %) per atomic mass unit ( AMU ).

The difference in speed can be substantial, especially for long data sets where N may be in the thousands or millions — in practice, the computation time can be reduced by several orders of magnitude in such cases, and the improvement is roughly proportional to N / log ( N ).

The ratio of M to R increases by a factor of only three over 2. 5 orders of magnitude of M. This relation is roughly proportional to the star's inner temperature T < sub > I </ sub >, and its extremely slow increase reflects the fact that the rate of energy generation in the core strongly depends on this temperature, while it has to fit the mass – luminosity relation.

Novae also have roughly the same absolute magnitude 15 days after their peak (− 5. 5 ).

Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.

In the 2012 study, lead by scientists from the University of Vermont and the USDA, a " conservative spatially adjusted model indicated that a 10 % increase in tree canopy was associated with a roughly 12 % decrease in crime .... we found that the inverse relationship continued in both contexts, but the magnitude was 40 % greater for public than for private lands.

Both these forces are weak when compared with the forces we are able to experience directly, but the electromagnetic force in this example is some thirty nine orders of magnitude ( i. e., 10 < sup > 39 </ sup >) greater than the force of gravity — roughly the same ratio as the mass of the Sun compared to a microgram mass.

The DAT pathway is roughly an order of magnitude faster than the NET pathway: in mice, dopamine concentrations decay with a half-life of 200 milliseconds in the caudate nucleus ( which uses the DAT pathway ) versus 2, 000 milliseconds in the prefrontal cortex.

Mira itself, also known as Omicron Ceti ( ο Cet ), varies in brightness from almost 2nd magnitude to as faint as 10th magnitude with a period of roughly 332 days.

A spokesman for the British Geological Survey said that earthquakes of around that magnitude occur roughly once a year in Britain.

Only fluvoxamine acid has been shown to have SERT inhibitor activity, roughly 1-2 orders of magnitude less potent than the parent compound.

Adjustment of the spirit level is performed by successively rotating the level and moving the bubble tube within its housing to take up roughly half of the discrepancy, until the magnitude of the reading remains constant when the level is flipped.

Thus, the magnitude of weight change from loss of air during a dive varies from roughly 4. 3 kg ( 9. 5 lbs ) representing the total air content of a steel 15 litre cylinder at 230 bar / 3500 psi ( in practice, reserve requirements dictate that only about 8 lbs of this will be breathed ), to about 5 lbs difference for the smaller 80 ft < sup > 3 </ sup > aluminum-80 ( AL80 ) tank ( 11. 1 litres internal capacity ) pressurised to 200 bar / 3000 psi, and again assuming that only 5 / 6ths of the air in the tank is used, leaving a typical safety reserve.

It shines with the luminosity of roughly 850, 000 times that of the Sun and has an absolute magnitude of-10. 0.

Each run in a baseball game is roughly seventy-five times the magnitude of a run in a Test cricket match ; therefore moments of poor pitching and individual fielding mistakes are much more costly.

On 27 May, a 6. 3 magnitude earthquake struck roughly southwest of Merapi, killing at least 5, 000 and leaving at least 200, 000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region, heightening fears that Merapi would " blow ".

Until then, costs are roughly one order of magnitude higher than DOE targets.

In this way, the required magnitude of the control current can be also held roughly constant, no matter what the load.

Intergalactic distances are roughly one-million fold ( six orders of magnitude ) greater than their interstellar counterparts.

The grains within the stir zone are roughly equiaxed and often an order of magnitude smaller than the grains in the parent material.

Its brightness at these rare near-perihelion oppositions makes Bamberga the brightest C-type asteroid, roughly one magnitude brighter than 10 Hygiea's maximum brightness of around + 9. 1.

The subgiant has both a mass and radius that are roughly two times solar yielding a total luminosity of about 18. 5L < sub >☉</ sub > Though it only shines with an apparent magnitude of 3. 12, it the third brightest star in the Hercules constellation.

The traditional method assumes that the measurements of apparent magnitude and the measurements from which distance is determined are from the same band, or predefined range, of wavelengths ( e. g. the H band, a range of infrared wavelengths from roughly about 1300-2000 nanometers ), and this leads to the correction form of cσ < sup > 2 </ sup >, where c is some constant.

* The Cambridge economist Piero Sraffa returned to the classical economic meaning of " surplus ", but his concept differs from Marx's in at least three important ways: ( 1 ) The substance of Sraffa's surplus is not a claim on the surplus labour of others but a physical surplus, i. e. the value of physical output less the value of physical inputs used up to produce it, in abstraction from price changes ( roughly, like a " standard valuation " in national accounts ); ( 2 ) The magnitude of the surplus in Sraffa's model is exclusively technologically determined by the physical replacement requirements of the economy – and not by power or class relationships – so that the more efficient the economy becomes, the more surplus is created ; ( 3 ) The form of Sraffa's surplus includes both the gross profit component and the value of goods and services consumed by workers, so that the distribution of the physical surplus between capitalists and workers occurs after a fixed quantity of surplus has already been produced.