As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene.

In addition to mood disorders, persons may exhibit manic behavior because of drug intoxication ( notably stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamine ), medication side effects ( notably steroids and SSRIs ), and malignancy.

Whilst greed is a recurring theme in the novel, with many of the episodes stemming from one or more of the characters ' simple desire for food ( be it trolls eating dwarves or dwarves eating Wood-elf fare ) or a desire for beautiful objects, such as gold and jewels, it is only by the Arkenstone's influence upon Thorin that greed, and its attendant vices " coveting " and " malignancy ", come fully to the fore in the story and provide the moral crux of the tale.

Often, blood tests are performed to rule out prostatic malignancy: Elevated prostate specific antigen ( PSA ) levels needs further investigations such as reinterpretation of PSA results, in terms of PSA density and PSA free percentage, rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography.

A Krukenberg tumor refers to a malignancy in the ovary that metastasized from a primary site, classically the gastrointestinal tract, although it can arise in other tissues such as the breast.

These rare forms of teratoma with malignant transformation may contain elements of somatic ( non germ cell ) malignancy such as leukemia, carcinoma or sarcoma.

Metoclopramide is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with conditions such as uremia, radiation sickness, malignancy, labor, infection, migraine headaches, and emetogenic drugs.

This patient population is believed to have impaired respiratory host defenses, including persons with diabetes, alcoholism, malignancy, liver disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ( COPD ), glucocorticoid therapy, renal failure, and certain occupational exposures ( such as paper mill workers ).

Positive tests (" positive stool ") may result from either upper gastrointestinal bleeding or lower gastrointestinal bleeding and warrant further investigation for peptic ulcers or a malignancy ( such as colorectal cancer or gastric cancer ).

Typically, surgery is reserved for patients with cancer ( malignancy ) or those whose tailbone pain has failed to respond to nonsurgical treatment ( such as medications by mouth, use of seat cushions, and medications given by local injections done under fluoroscopic guidance, as noted above ).

Cancer of the trachea is a rare malignancy which can be biologically similar in many ways to head and neck cancer, and is sometimes classified as such.

In contrast, the gallbladder is more often enlarged ( and more easily palpated ) in pathologies that cause obstruction of the biliary tree over a shorter period of time such as pancreatic malignancy leading to passive distention from backpressure.

Mutations in such genes can be used to classify the malignancy of a tumor.

Thrombophlebitis migrans can be a non-metastatic manifestation of malignancies such as pancreatic carcinoma ( Trousseau sign of malignancy ).

The term leukemoid reaction describes an elevated white blood cell count, or leukocytosis, that is a physiological response to stress or infection ( as opposed to a primary blood malignancy, such as leukemia ).

These antibodies will circulate at low levels until a pro-inflammatory trigger — such as infection, malignancy, or drug therapy.

The main cause for chylothorax is rupture of the thoracic duct, most frequently as a result of trauma or malignancy ( such as lymphoma ).

The two basic distinctions are an obstructive type of cholestasis where there is a mechanical blockage in the duct system such as can occur from a gallstone or malignancy, and metabolic types of cholestasis which are disturbances in bile formation that can occur because of genetic defects or acquired as a side effect of many medications.

Older patients who receive biologic therapy for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis are at increased risk for life-threatening infection, adverse cardiovascular events, and malignancy.

Fewer than 5 % will exhibit neurological dysfunction or, eventually, hematological malignancy such as adult T-cell leukemia / lymphoma, suggesting that other host or viral factors are responsible for disease onset.

A " benign " grade 0 ( mature ) teratoma nonetheless has a risk of malignancy.

A grade 1 immature teratoma that appears to be benign ( e. g., because AFP is not elevated ) has a much higher risk of malignancy, and requires adequate follow-up.

Carcinoma stage is the variable that has been most consistently and tightly linked to the prognosis of the malignancy.

Much less often it is a secondary malignancy, one in which the cancer has spread to the penis from elsewhere.

The majority of PNETs are usually categorized as benign but the definition of malignancy in pancreas endocrine tumors has been ambiguous.

Further, even if the ' first line ' therapy has been effective, it is a virtual certainty that the hypercalcaemia will recur in the patient with hypercalcaemia of malignancy.

A malignant tumor may be contrasted with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues ( metastasizing ), while a benign tumor has none of those properties.

Such a testis has an increased risk of malignancy.

With the exception of the brainstem gliomas, glioblastoma has the worst prognosis of any central nervous system ( CNS ) malignancy, despite multimodality treatment consisting of open craniotomy with surgical resection of as much of the tumor as possible, followed by concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy with bevacizumab, gamma knife radiosurgery, and symptomatic management with corticosteroids.

Only a few cases of malignancy that may have been associated with radiation therapy for keloids have been reported.

Historically, hematological malignancies have been most commonly divided by whether the malignancy is mainly located in the blood ( leukemia ) or in lymph nodes ( lymphomas ).

There have been occasional cases of associated malignancy.

If LEMS is caused by an underlying cancer, treatment of the malignancy usually leads to resolution of the symptoms.

Another significant credit relates to the discovery, made approximately simultaneously by Virchow and Charles Emile Troisier, that an enlarged left supra-clavicular node is one of the earliest signs of gastrointestinal malignancy, commonly of the stomach, or less commonly, lung cancer.

(" Positive nodes " is a term that would be used by medical specialists to describe a patient's condition, meaning that the patient's lymph nodes near the primary tumor tested positive for malignancy.

This was the first occupational link to cancer, and Pott was the first person to demonstrate that a malignancy could be caused by an environmental carcinogen.

Such abnormalities are therefore often searched for in histological assays by pathologists when evaluating the potential malignancy of a tumor mass.

As with several other endocrine tumors, malignancy cannot be determined from the histologic appearance ; tumors that contain large number of aneuploid or tetraploid cells, as determined by flow cytometry, are more likely to recur.

Hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism and by malignancy, and less commonly by vitamin D intoxication, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and by sarcoidosis.

As this is sometimes the first sign of the malignancy, hypercalcemia caused by PTHrP is considered a paraneoplastic phenomenon.

Some experts recommend that nodules > 1 cm ( unless the TSH is suppressed ) or those with ultrasonographic features of malignancy should be biopsied by fine needle aspiration.

Abdication of responsibility by Reinhard Gehlen was the malignancy ; cronyism was still pervasive, even nepotism ( at one time Gehlen had 16 members of his extended family on the BND payroll ).

Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes.

Early stages of malignancy that are thus limited to the epithelial layer by the basement membrane are called carcinoma in situ.

Their research, together with that by Susumu Tonegawa, also led to the discovery that antibody genes encode as bits and pieces, that can recombine in a myriad of ways to help fight infection ; they also confirmed earlier work by Shen-Ong & Cole, Leder, Hood, Croce, and Hayward that genetic mutation leads to Burkitt's lymphoma, a malignancy of antibody-producing cells, called " B lymphocytes ".