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Page "HTML" ¶ 58
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markup and text
* Text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers.
HyperText Markup Language is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images and other material into visual or audible web pages.
A markup language is a modern system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text.
: The kind of markup used by traditional word-processing systems: binary codes embedded in document text that produce the WYSIWYG effect.
In recent years, a number of small and largely unstandardized markup languages have been developed to allow authors to create formatted text via web browsers, for use in wikis and web forums.
The term markup is derived from the traditional publishing practice of " marking up " a manuscript, which involves adding handwritten annotations in the form of conventional symbolic printer's instructions in the margins and text of a paper manuscript or printed proof.
For centuries, this task was done primarily by skilled typographers known as " markup men " or " copy markers " who marked up text to indicate what typeface, style, and size should be applied to each part, and then passed the manuscript to others for typesetting by hand.
The first well-known public presentation of markup languages in computer text processing was made by William W. Tunnicliffe at a conference in 1967, although he preferred to call it generic coding.
A common feature of many markup languages is that they intermix the text of a document with markup instructions in the same data stream or file.
This is not necessary ; it is possible to isolate markup from text content, using pointers, offsets, IDs, or other methods to co-ordinate the two.
The codes enclosed in angle-brackets are markup instructions ( known as tags ), while the text between these instructions is the actual text of the document.
The codes,, and are examples of semantic markup, in that they describe the intended purpose or meaning of the text they include.
A program interpreting such structural markup may apply its own rules or styles for presenting the various pieces of text, using different typefaces, boldness, font size, indentation, colour, or other styles, as desired.
In contrast, the tag in HTML is an example of presentational markup ; it is generally used to specify a particular characteristic of the text ( in this case, the use of an italic typeface ) without specifying the reason for that appearance.
While the idea of markup language originated with text documents, there is an increasing usage of markup languages in other areas which involve the presentation of various types of information, including playlists, vector graphics, web services, content syndication, and user interfaces.
Alternately, hidden ( eg, control ) characters, and redundant use of markup ( eg, empty bold, underline or italics ) can add embedded within a body of text to hide information that wouldn't be visually apparent when displayed, but can be discovered by examining the document source.
Currently, the World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written in Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ), a markup convention that is used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objects such as images and interactive forms.
* SCRIPT ( markup ), a text formatting language developed at IBM
Web pages authored using hypertext markup language ( HTML ) may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set.
The accurate representation of text in web pages from different natural languages and writing systems is complicated by the details of character encoding, markup language syntax, font, and varying levels of support by web browsers.
Most wiki software uses a special syntax, known as wiki markup, for users to format the text, instead of requiring them to enter in HTML.

markup and <
An example of descriptive markup would be HTML's < cite > tag, which is used to label a citation.
A common markup is using double square brackets around the term to be wikilinked, for example, the following input: < nowiki > wiki software </ nowiki > — will be converted by wiki software to look like this: wiki software.
Early versions of the Web markup language HTML included a < CODE > FONT </ CODE > element, to allow page designers to specify the font in which text should be displayed.
( E < sub > P </ sub > + 1 / E < sub > P </ sub >) which is the markup is a function of the price elasticity of demand.
markup on marginal costs < BR > E
* The message is sent as plain text: wiki markup ( such as < tt >< nowiki > links </ nowiki ></ tt >) will not work.
The manual notes that the < tt > makeinfo </ tt > program attempts to restrict its output files to a certain subset of HTML markup that can be read by as many browsers as possible.
In markup languages such as XML, such groups are typically enclosed in a container ( for example, < child >), which is then repeated as necessary.
< b > Treat the above as wiki markup .</ b > If unchecked, the contents of the box above will be treated as your < u > nickname </ u > and link automatically to your user page.
If checked, the above markup will be used for your name when you sign with < nowiki >~~~ or ~~~~</ nowiki >; including any Wiki markup, links, or other valid formatting that it includes .< b > Do not use images, templates, or external links in your signature.
Proper appearance of these requires true superscript and subscript, H < sub > 2 </ sub > O probably looks better using a subscript markup than using these characters ( H &# x2082 ; O )

markup and nowiki
The available tags are usually indicated by square brackets (< nowiki ></ nowiki >) surrounding a keyword, and they are parsed by the message board system before being translated into a markup language that web browsers understand — usually HTML or XHTML.

markup and >
Fluid layouts developed around 2000 as a replacement for HTML-table-based layouts, as a rejection of grid-based design both as a design principle, and as a coding technique, but were very slow to be adopted .< ref group =" note " >- based markup and spacer. GIF images </ ref > The axiomatic assumption is that readers will have screen devices, or windows thereon, of different sizes and that there is nothing the page designer can do to change this.
They were issued only in collector sets and bore an extreme markup with the 2002 collector set costing well over a thousand euro .< ref >

markup and Hello
The following is an example of the classic Hello world program, a common test employed for comparing programming languages, scripting languages and markup languages.

markup and HTML
The character entity references,, and are predefined in HTML and SGML, because,, and are already used to delimit markup.
If the character encoding for a web page is chosen appropriately then HTML character references are usually only required for a markup delimiting characters mentioned above, and for a few special characters ( or not at all if a native Unicode encoding like UTF-8 is used ).
A Document Type Definition ( DTD ) is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for an SGML-family markup language ( SGML, XML, HTML ).
Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is an umbrella term for a collection of technologies used together to create interactive and animated web sites by using a combination of a static markup language ( such as HTML ), a client-side scripting language ( such as JavaScript ), a presentation definition language ( such as CSS ), and the Document Object Model.
HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) is the main markup language for displaying web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser.
The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML markup.
Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS.
However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements ( nested annotated ranges with attributes ) rather than merely print effects, with also the separation of structure and processing ; HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS.
: HTML 3. 2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of Netscape's visual markup tags.
A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until 14 months later in MathML.
: Initially code-named " Cougar ", HTML 4. 0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as deprecated in favor of style sheets.
HTML markup consists of several key components, including elements ( and their attributes ), character-based data types, character references and entity references.
* XML with the XLink extension – A newer hypertext markup language that extends and expands capabilities introduced by HTML.
The markup can be converted to HTML, Portable Document Format | PDF and Rich Text Format using a programming language or Extensible Stylesheet Language | XSL.
Some markup languages, such as HTML, have presentation semantics, meaning that their specification prescribes how the structured data are to be presented, but other markup languages, like XML, have no predefined semantics.
A well-known example of a markup language in widespread use today is HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ), one of the document formats of the World Wide Web.
HTML, which is an instance of SGML ( though, strictly, it does not comply with all the rules of SGML ), follows many of the markup conventions used in the publishing industry in the communication of printed work between authors, editors, and printers.
HTML is quite likely the most used markup language in the world today.
Because markup languages, and more generally data description languages ( not necessarily textual markup ), are not programming languages ( they are data without instructions ), they are more easily manipulated than programming languages – for example, web pages are presented as HTML documents, not C code, and thus can be embedded within other web pages, displayed when only partially received, and so forth.

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