When sufficiently accurate and complete measurements are available, it will be possible to set limits on the thermal and electrical characteristics of the surface and subsurface materials of the moon.

final conclusions will have to await the measurements of broods from definite localities.

On her first visit the orthodontist will take x-rays, photographs, tooth measurements, and `` tooth prints '' -- an impression of the mouth that permits him to study her teeth and jaws.

For an example of its use, analysis of the concentration of elements is important in managing a nuclear reactor, so nuclear scientists will analyze neutron activation to develop discrete measurements within vast samples.

One of these corrections is that for lamp flicker noise, which is independent of wavelength, resulting in measurements with very low noise level ; other corrections are those for background absorption, as will be discussed later.

If these are comparable to earthly measurements, the city will cover an area about half the size of the contiguous United States.

Because the methods are independent, when one of several methods is in error, it is very unlikely to be in error in the same way as any of the other methods, and a difference between the measurements will be observed.

Random errors will tend to cancel out as more measurements are made, due to regression to the mean ; systematic errors will be detected by differences between the measurements ( and will also tend to cancel out since the direction of the error will still be random ).

Surveyors involved in real estate and insurance will use these to tie their local measurements to.

Bob will know that Alice has transmitted a " 0 " if all his measurements will produce the same result ; otherwise, his measurements will have outcomes + 1 / 2 and − 1 / 2 with equal probability.

The radial velocity of cluster members can be determined from Doppler shift measurements of their spectra, and once the radial velocity, proper motion and angular distance from the cluster to its vanishing point are known, simple trigonometry will reveal the distance to the cluster.

Two measurements of the same physical quantity often exhibit different noise levels in different frequency ranges.

In particular, it may be useful to determine if measurements exhibit an increasing or decreasing trend which is statistically distinguished from random behaviour.

Since a building that contains Prussian blue staining would exhibit much higher levels of detectable cyanides than one without anyway, Green writes that Leuchter's and Rudolf's measurements reveal nothing more than what is already visible to the naked eye.

Even though emission systems are very efficient at removing excitation light before it reaches the detector, the amount of excitation light compared to emission light is such that FI measurements always exhibit fairly elevated background signals.

Although the molecules in a sample of gas have an average kinetic energy ( and therefore an average speed ) the individual molecules move at various speeds and they stop and change direction according to the law of density measurements and isolation, i. e. they exhibit a distribution of speeds.

A Rasch model is a model in one sense in that it represents the structure which data should exhibit in order to obtain measurements from the data ; i. e. it provides a criterion for successful measurement.

For example, the accuracy of laser rangefinding measurements is based on the scientific understanding of lasers, while satellite pictures and meter sticks rely on different phenomena.

Since they are based on several independent sets of measurements taken decades apart by different observers with different instruments, systematic errors may have influenced them.

Between 1892 and 1891 he compiled a complete set of meteorological readings, and later extended his record-taking to include measurements from 25 different locations across France.

Moseley's experiments in X-ray spectroscopy showed directly from their physics that cobalt and nickel have the different atomic numbers, 27 and 28, and that they are placed in the Periodic Table correctly by Moseley's objective measurements of their atomic numbers.

These different types of measurements make comparison difficult.

In physics, the Lorentz transformation or Lorentz-Fitzgerald transformation describes how, according to the theory of special relativity, different measurements of space and time by two observers can be converted into the measurements observed in either frame of reference.

However, the distinction between mass and weight becomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent ( because of slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places ), and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets.

Achievers focus on concrete measurements of success such as experience points, levels, and wealth ; Explorers investigate every nook and cranny of the game, and evaluate different game mechanical options ; Socializers devote most of their energy to interacting with other players ; and then there are Killers who focus on interacting negatively with other players, if permitted, killing the other characters or otherwise thwarting their play.

To form a concept, one mentally isolates a group of concretes ( of distinct perceptual units ), on the basis of observed similarities which distinguish them from all other known concretes ( similarity is ' the relationship between two or more existents which possess the same characteristic ( s ), but in different measure or degree '); then, by a process of omitting the particular measurements of these concretes, one integrates them into a single new mental unit: the concept, which subsumes all concretes of this kind ( a potentially unlimited number ).

The results of these measurements can be used for different purposes.

One might imagine that using a die instead of a coin could solve the problem, but the fundamental issue about measuring spin in different directions is that these measurements cannot have definite values at the same time ― they are incompatible.

It is therefore essential to have as much information as possible about the material being dated and to check for possible signs of alteration .< ref > Precision is enhanced if measurements are taken on multiple samples from different locations of the rock body.

Standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.

For the rest of the time, the mobile can carry out measurements on the network, detecting surrounding transmitters on different frequencies.

) Analog instruments are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made ; digital instruments usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured.

Taking THD measurements at different output levels would expose whether the distortion is clipping ( which increases with level ) or crossover ( which decreases with level ).

Reproducibility is the degree of agreement between measurements or observations conducted on replicate specimens in different locations by different people.

One concept, known as the Titan Aerobot Multisite mission, involves a reversible-fluid balloon filled with argon that could descend from high altitude to the surface of the moon, perform measurements, and then rise again to high altitude to perform measurements and move to a different site.

A double star may be determined to be optical if its components have sufficiently different proper motions or radial velocities, or if parallax measurements reveal its two components to be at sufficiently different distances from the Earth.

In physical sciences, numerical values ( such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement ) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.

After the invention of the telescope, measurements were made by observing occultations of stars by the Moon, which allowed the derivation of more closely spaced and more accurate values for ΔT.

" EPR appeared to have contrived a means to establish the exact values of either the momentum or the position of B due to measurements made on particle A, without the slightest possibility of particle B being physically disturbed.

A random variable's possible values might represent the possible outcomes of a yet-to-be-performed experiment or an event that has not happened yet, or the potential values of a past experiment or event whose already-existing value is uncertain ( e. g. as a result of incomplete information or imprecise measurements ).

For example, if blood pressure measurements are made daily for a week on each subject in a study, there would be seven data values for each statistical unit.

The term statistical population is also used to refer to a set of potential measurements or values, including not only cases actually observed but those that are potentially observable.

Population is also used to refer to a set of potential measurements or values, including not only cases actually observed but those that are potentially observable.

In practice, of course, measurements are made using local values, which vary little enough at the Earth's surface.

Published values of G have varied rather broadly, and some recent measurements of high precision are, in fact, mutually exclusive.

Resistance measurements, in particular, are of low precision due to the typical resistance measurement circuit which compresses the scale heavily at the higher resistance values.

The general M-sample variance remains important since it allows dead time in measurements and bias functions allows conversion into Allan variance values.

The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements — that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.

Likewise, the mind-independent properties of quantum systems could consist of a tendency to respond to particular measurements with particular values with ascertainable probability.

It is obvious that, both in its values and in its measurements, the survey's reckoning is very crude.

pK < sub > a </ sub > values for strong acids can, however, be estimated by theoretical means or by extrapolating from measurements in non-aqueous solvents in which the dissociation constant is smaller, such as acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide.

Experimentally, pK < sub > a </ sub > values can be determined by potentiometric ( pH ) titration, but for values of pK < sub > a </ sub > less than about 2 or more than about 11, spectrophotometric or NMR measurements may be required due to practical difficulties with pH measurements.

Typically, an RTU converts the electrical signals from the equipment to digital values such as the open / closed status from a switch or a valve, or measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current.

However, if the values are averaged, then the mean measurement value has a much smaller uncertainty, equal to the standard error of the mean, which is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of measurements.