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mechanism and DNA
Though there is some debate on the exact mechanism of conjugation it seems that the pili are not the structures through which DNA exchange occurs.
The last mechanism attributed the genotoxicity to the binding to the DNA of the end product of the chromium ( III ) reduction.
Based on the genome organisation and DNA replication mechanism it seems that phylogenetic relationships may exist between the rudiviruses ( Rudiviridae ) and the large eukaryal DNA viruses: the African swine fever virus ( Asfarviridae ), Chlorella viruses ( Phycodnaviridae ) and poxviruses ( Poxviridae ).
In the single stranded DNA viruses-a group that includes the circoviruses, the geminiviruses, the parvoviruses and others-and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication ( RCR ) mechanism, the RCR endonuclease creates a nick the genome strand ( single stranded viruses ) or one of the DNA strands ( plasmids ).
Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material.
Q is similar to N in its effect: Q binds to RNA polymerase in Qut sites and the resulting complex can ignore terminators, however the mechanism is very different ; the Q protein first associates with a DNA sequence rather than an mRNA sequence.
As a factual criticism, Benitez-Bribiesca points to the lack of a " code script " for memes ( analogous to the DNA of genes ), and to the excessive instability of the meme mutation mechanism ( that of an idea going from one brain to another ), which would lead to a low replication accuracy and a high mutation rate, rendering the evolutionary process chaotic.
While changes to the chromosome caused by X-ray and mustard gas were readily observable to the early researchers, other changes to the DNA induced by other mutagens were not so easily observable, and the mechanism may be complex and takes longer to unravel.
The metabolic process was identified in 1960s as catalysis by cytochrome P450 which produces reactive species that can interact with the DNA to form adducts, the mechanism by which the PAH adducts give rise to mutation however is still under investigation.
This mechanism is a potential explanation to how HIV virus can transform its genome into double stranded DNA from the RNA-DNA formed after reverse transcription of its RNA.
In virus species with reverse transcriptase lacking DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, creation of double-stranded DNA can possibly be done by host-encoded DNA polymerase δ, mistaking the viral DNA-RNA for a primer and synthesizing a double-stranded DNA by similar mechanism as in primer removal, where the newly synthesized DNA displaces the original RNA template.
Not all DNA transposons transpose through a cut-and-paste mechanism.
The replication mechanism involves RNA polymerase II, an enzyme normally associated with synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA, which instead catalyzes " rolling circle " synthesis of new RNA using the viroid's RNA as template.
A theoretical synthesis in 2000 suggested the following mechanism: thalidomide intercalates ( inserts itself ) into DNA in guanine-cytosine-rich regions .< ref > Owing to its glutarimide part, ( S ) thalidomide fits neatly into the major groove of DNA at purine sites.
The telomere prevents this problem by employing a different mechanism to synthesize DNA at this point, thereby preserving the sequence at the terminal of the chromosome.
Previous explanations of the prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription / translation feedback mechanism.

mechanism and ligase
They hypothesized that if discontinuous replication, involving short DNA chains linked together by polynucleotide ligase, is the mechanism used in DNA synthesis, then “ newly synthesized short DNA chains would accumulate in the cell under conditions where the function of ligase is temporarily impaired .” E. coli were infected with Bacteriophage T4 that produce temperature-sensitive polynucleotide ligase.

mechanism and is
The precise mechanism for organification of iodine in the thyroid is not as yet completely understood.
It is not clear whether this system bears any resemblance to the in vivo iodinating mechanism, and a system generating peroxide has not been identified in thyroid tissue.
Since the circulating thyroid hormones are the amino acids thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine ( cf. Section C ), it is clear that some mechanism must exist in the thyroid gland for their release from proteins before secretion.
It is believed that drug therapy and electroshock involve the former and psychotherapy the latter mechanism.
there is no mechanism for keeping the volumes up to date.
Also, it can be readily seen that the cutting and peeling types of failure show a steady state response, while the cracking mechanism is of a dynamic nature.
The basic difference between the continuous cutting mechanism and that of the chipping mechanism is that instead of shear occurring in the coating ahead of the knife continuously without fracture, rupture intermittently occurs along the shear plane.
If a substitute mechanism is needed for the control of a fictitious impersonal market, quite obviously some method must be devised for representing the public interest.
Sorghum is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism.
They have not been expelled or suspended, since there is no mechanism in this voluntary association to suspend or expel an independent province of the Communion.
This might indicate that anxiety is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.
When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism.
With the interstitial mechanism, one atom is usually much smaller than the other, so cannot successfully replace an atom in the crystals of the base metal.
While the mechanism is not fully understood, it is likely to involve the production of electron – positron pairs, as ordinary matter gains tremendous energy while falling into a stellar remnant .< ref >
The merger is the mechanism by which the players compete.
Quantum nonlocality is often proposed as a mechanism for superluminal communication.
Furthermore, there is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.
The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol / acetaminophen is uncertain, but it appears to be acting centrally rather than peripherally ( in the brain rather than in nerve endings ).
The exact mechanism of carbamazepine, gabapentin and pregabalin is similarly unclear, but these anticonvulsants are used to treat neuropathic pain with differing degrees of success.
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly ( for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival ).
The proposed mechanism of chronic nicotine causing desensitisation of nicotinic receptors, thereby leading to an antidepressant effect, is consistent with the theory first proposed over 30 years ago and subsequent research that confirmed excessive acetylcholine activity in the brain leads to depressive symptoms.
Many pathways and signals lead to apoptosis, but there is only one mechanism that actually causes the death of a cell.
ATM traffic contracts form part of the mechanism by which " quality of service " ( QoS ) is ensured.

mechanism and form
The mechanism of action of these drugs has not been completely worked out, but certain of them appear to act by reducing the oxidised form of iodine before it can iodinate thyroglobulin ( Astwood, 1954 ).
These theoretical relationships are more clearly illustrated in Fig. 7 and their sum can be seen to correlate in form with practical measurements made with the Hesiometer as illustrated in the first portion of Fig. 5 for the cutting mechanism.
Dark energy in its simplest formulation takes the form of the cosmological constant term in Einstein's field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown and, more generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both observationally and theoretically.
Some models used a " typebox " that was positioned, in the X-and Y-axes, by a mechanism and the selected letter form was struck by a hammer.
This mechanism of signal transduction is called a two-component system and is a common form of signal transduction in bacteria.
The mechanism in this simple form would place a large operating burden on the root servers, with every search for an address starting by querying one of them.
Tax-credit scholarships which are in most part disbursed to current private school students or to families which made substantial donations to the scholarship fund, rather than to low-income students attempting to escape from failing schools, amount to nothing more than a mechanism to use public funds in the form of foregone taxes to support private, often religiously based, private schools.
On the other hand the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics keeps counter-factual definiteness while introducing a conjectured non-local mechanism in form of the ' quantum potential ', defined as one of the terms of the Schrödinger equation.
Japanese fascist Nakano Seigo advocated that Japan follow the Italian and German models, which were " a form of more democratic government going beyond democracy " which itself had " lost its spirit and decayed into a mechanism which insists only on numerical superiority without considering the essence of human beings.
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials ( such as iron ) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.
Numbers could be represented in the form of digits, automatically manipulated by a mechanical mechanism.
As a deist, he thought the mechanism allowed species to form varieties better adapted to particular conditions and was evidence of benevolent design in nature.
Some species form extraordinarily resilient spores, but for bacteria this is a mechanism for survival, not reproduction.
In Buddhism nirvana is preceded by bodhi, knowledge into the causal mechanism by which beings incarnate into material form and experience suffering.
A unique feature that may aid safety is that the fuel-balls actually form the core's mechanism, and are replaced one-by-one as they age.
Some astronomers believe the two types of star clusters form via the same basic mechanism, with the difference being that the conditions that allowed the formation of the very rich globular clusters containing hundreds of thousands of stars no longer prevail in the Milky Way.
PostScript Level 2 was introduced in 1991, and included several improvements: improved speed and reliability, support for in-RIP separations, image decompression ( for example, JPEG images could be rendered by a PostScript program ), support for composite fonts, and the form mechanism for caching reusable content.
A simple machine is an elementary device that has a specific movement ( often called a mechanism ), which can be combined with other devices and movements to form a machine.
Stalactites can also form in lava tubes, although the mechanism of formation is very different.
A proposed mechanism for maintaining the dust was a disk of coalesced bodies that were in the process of collapsing to form a planet.
The payment of weregild was an important legal mechanism in early Germanic society ; the other common form of legal reparation at this time was blood revenge.

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