Discovered in 1946 by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum, conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact.

* Epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( or transformation ), a mechanism in developmental biology

A kinetic model based on experimental data can capture most of the essential transformation in diagenesis, and a mathematical model in a compacting porous medium to model the dissolution-precipitation mechanism.

The primary mechanism of species transformation that he recognized was Lamarckian use-inheritance which posited that organs are developed or are diminished by use or disuse and that the resulting changes may be transmitted to future generations.

There is some controversy over the specifics of bainite's transformation mechanism ; both theories are represented below.

One of the theories on the specific formation mechanism for bainite is that it occurs by a shear transformation, as in martensite.

The mechanism is not able to explain the shape nor surface relief caused by the bainite transformation.

But it is impossible to conceive a limit to the extent of matter in the universe ; and therefore science points rather to an endless progress, through an endless space, of action involving the transformation of potential energy into palpable motion and hence into heat, than to a single finite mechanism, running down like a clock, and stopping for ever.

Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation.

Semyonov's outstanding work on the mechanism of chemical transformation includes an exhaustive analysis of the application of the chain theory to varied reactions ( 1934 – 1954 ) and, more significantly, to combustion processes.

Unlike pearlite, whose formation involves the diffusion of all atoms, bainite grows by a displacive transformation mechanism.

However, the mechanism of the uptake of DNA via chemically-induced competence in this calcium chloride transformation method is unclear.

A chemical mechanism describes in detail exactly what takes place at each stage of an overall chemical reaction ( transformation ).

Technological measures shall be deemed ' effective ' where the use of a protected work or other subjectmatter is controlled by the rightsholders through application of an access control or protection process, such as encryption, scrambling or other transformation of the work or other subject-matter or a copy control mechanism, which achieves the protection objective.

* 1956 Nikolai Semenov For outstanding work on the mechanism of chemical transformation includes an exhaustive analysis of the application of the chain theory to varied reactions ( 1934 – 1954 ) and, more significantly, to combustion processes.

Gastrin exerts a trophic effect on enterochromaffin-like cells ( ECL cells are responsible for histamine secretion ) and is hypothesized to be one mechanism to explain the malignant transformation of ECL cells into carcinoid tumors in AMAG.

In the Eagle comic strip Robo Machines, Cy-Kill was a petty criminal on Robotron, already known to the Security Forces, before submitting himself to Stron-Domez ' Robo Machine process, which added a transformation mechanism to his cybernetic body.

* Martensitic transformation, more commonly known as quenching and tempering, is a hardening mechanism specific for steel.

In this story, Thorne replaces mafia boss Sal Maroni as the mechanism for Dent's disfigurement and transformation into a criminal.

The precise mechanism for organification of iodine in the thyroid is not as yet completely understood.

It is not clear whether this system bears any resemblance to the in vivo iodinating mechanism, and a system generating peroxide has not been identified in thyroid tissue.

Since the circulating thyroid hormones are the amino acids thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine ( cf. Section C ), it is clear that some mechanism must exist in the thyroid gland for their release from proteins before secretion.

It is believed that drug therapy and electroshock involve the former and psychotherapy the latter mechanism.

there is no mechanism for keeping the volumes up to date.

Also, it can be readily seen that the cutting and peeling types of failure show a steady state response, while the cracking mechanism is of a dynamic nature.

The basic difference between the continuous cutting mechanism and that of the chipping mechanism is that instead of shear occurring in the coating ahead of the knife continuously without fracture, rupture intermittently occurs along the shear plane.

If a substitute mechanism is needed for the control of a fictitious impersonal market, quite obviously some method must be devised for representing the public interest.

Sorghum is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism.

They have not been expelled or suspended, since there is no mechanism in this voluntary association to suspend or expel an independent province of the Communion.

This might indicate that anxiety is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.

When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism.

With the interstitial mechanism, one atom is usually much smaller than the other, so cannot successfully replace an atom in the crystals of the base metal.

While the mechanism is not fully understood, it is likely to involve the production of electron – positron pairs, as ordinary matter gains tremendous energy while falling into a stellar remnant .< ref >

The merger is the mechanism by which the players compete.

Quantum nonlocality is often proposed as a mechanism for superluminal communication.

Furthermore, there is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.

The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol / acetaminophen is uncertain, but it appears to be acting centrally rather than peripherally ( in the brain rather than in nerve endings ).

The exact mechanism of carbamazepine, gabapentin and pregabalin is similarly unclear, but these anticonvulsants are used to treat neuropathic pain with differing degrees of success.

Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly ( for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival ).

The proposed mechanism of chronic nicotine causing desensitisation of nicotinic receptors, thereby leading to an antidepressant effect, is consistent with the theory first proposed over 30 years ago and subsequent research that confirmed excessive acetylcholine activity in the brain leads to depressive symptoms.

Many pathways and signals lead to apoptosis, but there is only one mechanism that actually causes the death of a cell.

ATM traffic contracts form part of the mechanism by which " quality of service " ( QoS ) is ensured.