A look at the classical, Byzantine, and otherwise medieval literature mentioning the site reveals a name change for part or all of Colossae to Cona or Chonae.

The portion of the Greek Arithmetica that survived, however, was, like all ancient Greek texts transmitted to the early modern world, copied by, and thus known to, medieval Byzantine scholars.

The word Tsar derives from Latin Caesar, but this title was used in Russia as equivalent to King ; the error occurred when medieval Russian clerics referred to the biblical Jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate Roman and Byzantine rulers-Caesar.

The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira ( Greek: λύρα, Latin: lira, English: lyre ), a bowed string instrument of the Byzantine Empire and ancestor of most European bowed instruments.

* Byzantine lyra, the medieval bowed instrument of the Byzantine Empire

* The Eastern Orthodox Church had a period of Byzantine iconoclasm during the late medieval years, in which some groups destroyed the church's religious imagery.

In medieval ( 9th-11th centuries ) Byzantine sources written in Greek, Khazaria was referred to as Eastern Tourkia ( Τουρκία ), whereas the Principality of Hungary was referred to as Western Tourkia.

Babylonian astronomy served as the basis for much of Greek, classical Indian, Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, medieval Islamic, Central Asian, and Western European astronomy.

" The Early medieval Codex Argenteus and Codex Vercellensis, the Stockholm Codex Aureus and the Codex Brixianus give a range of luxuriously produced manuscripts all on purple vellum, in imitation of Byzantine examples, like the Rossano Gospels, Sinope Gospels and the Vienna Genesis, which at least at one time are believed to have been reserved for Imperial commissions.

* Byzantine Empire ( 330 / 476 / 629 to 1453 ), a Late Antiquity and medieval continuation of the Greek-speaking portion of the Roman Empire

Eastern Europe was influenced little by the jurisprudence of the Corpus Juris Civilis, though somewhat by the " Farmer's Law " of the medieval Byzantine legal system.

The early medieval slave trade was mainly confined to the South and East: the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world were the destinations, pagan Central and Eastern Europe, along with the Caucasus and Tartary, were important sources.

The scientific revolution was built upon the foundation of ancient Greek learning and science in the middle ages, as it had been elaborated and further developed by Roman / Byzantine science and medieval Islamic science.

It is sometimes cited as the notional end of the Middle Ages by historians who define the medieval period as the time between the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of the Byzantine ( Eastern Roman ) Empire.

* The Piccolo Museo San Paolo, a museum with a collection of medieval Byzantine and Russian artistic items.

Babylonian astronomy was the basis for much of what was done in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy, in classical Indian astronomy, in Sassanian, Byzantine and Syrian astronomy, in medieval Islamic astronomy, and in Central Asian and Western European astronomy.

It includes the Thyatian Empire, which could be compared to Byzantine Empire ; the Grand Duchy of Karameikos ( which includes the town of Threshold, the default setting of many classic D & D adventures ), comparable to medieval southeastern Europe ; the Principalities of Glantri, which is similar to medieval western Europe, ruled by wizard-princes ; the Ethengar Khanate, a Mongol-like society ; the merchant-run Republic of Darokin, which is based somewhat loosely on the mercantile states of Medieval Italy ; the Emirates of Ylaruam which have an Arabic flavor ; the Heldannic Territories, ruled by an order of religious Knights devoted to the Immortal Vanya, similar to the Teutonic Knights ; the Atruaghin Clans, which have an Amerindian feel ; the nation of Sind, based on India during the rule of the Mughals ; the Northern Reaches Kingdoms of Ostland, Vestland, the Soderfjord Jarldoms, based on Scandinavian kingdoms at various periods of history ; the Dwarven nation of Rockhome ; the elven Kingdom of Alfheim ; the Halfling lands of the Five Shires ; and the Alphatian Empire, ruled by wizards and other spellcasters.

The only western province where the Justinianic code was effectively introduced was Italy, following its recovery by Byzantine armies ( Pragmatic Sanction of 554 ), but a continuous tradition of Roman law in medieval Italy has not been proven.

The medieval ( Byzantine ) castle.

A number of ancient Roman, Byzantine and medieval Bulgarian buildings are preserved in the centre of the city.

The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted strong influence on the Slavs and later on the Islamic Golden Age and the Western European Renaissance.

The idea of an artifact made conscious is an ancient theme of mythology, appearing for example in the Greek myth of Pygmalion, who carved a statue that was magically brought to life, and in medieval Jewish stories of the Golem, a magically animated homunculus built of clay.

Eliade notes that some " mythological traditions " of medieval knights, namely the Arthurian cycle and the Grail theme, combine a veneer of Christianity with traditions regarding the Celtic Otherworld.

The theme survives into medieval legend and folklore, with dragon slayers such as Beowulf, Sigurd, Tristan, Margaret the Virgin, Heinrich von Winkelried, Dobrynya Nikitich, Skuba Dratewka / Krakus.

The Harrowing of hell, combined with the theme of Christ's ascension into heaven, became a favourite motif in medieval art and drama and led to the three tiers of the mystery plays.

The various realms consist of a number of gothic, medieval, as well as " fire and brimstone "- style caves and dungeons with a recurring theme of hellish and satanic imagery reminiscent of Doom ( such as pentagrams and images of demons on the walls ).

Like many of the eighth day it has a theme in common with many tales from the ancient and medieval era and it is not possible to point to one source that served as Boccaccio's inspiration.

The theme was of a group of medieval wanderers who set out to search for a land of everlasting life ; after much disillusion, they discover a surviving colony of Greeks with whom they exchange stories.

* The story of Becket's life became a popular theme for the medieval Nottingham Alabaster carvers.

Vessey believes that William's claim to have been commissioned by Amalric is a typical ancient and medieval topos, or literary theme, in which a wise ruler, a lover of history and literature, wishes to preserve for posterity the grand deeds of his reign.

Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, including " The Second Shaykh's Story ", " The Eldest Lady's Tale " and " Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers ", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders.

In some cases ( although not in antiquity ), form and theme are wed in the conception of a genre, as in the medieval alva or aubade, a dawn song in which lovers must part after a night of love, often with the watchman's refrain telling them it is time to go.

In 2001-2003 the construction of a Dracula theme park in the ' Breite ' nature preserve near Sighişoara was considered but ultimately rejected, due to the strong opposition of local civil society groups and national and international media as well as politically influential persons, as the theme park would have detracted from the medieval style of the city and would have destroyed the nature preserve.

The overriding theme of Chivalry & Sorcery settings is a world where magic is rare, and whose societies mimic real-world medieval Europe.

Typical worlds involve magic or magical abilities and often, but not always, either a medieval or futuristic theme.

As it was written in a program note that accompanied the movie's premier " It is a modern poem presented with medieval material that has been very freely handled ... The script in particular — embodies a mid-twentieth century existentialist angst .... Still, to be fair to Bergman, one must allow him his artistic license, and the script's modernisms may be justified as giving the movie's medieval theme a compelling and urgent contemporary relevance ... Yet the film succeeds to a large degree because it is set in the Middle Ages, a time that can seem both very remote and very immediate to us living in the modern world .... Ultimately The Seventh Seal should be judged as a historical film by how well it combines the medieval and the modern.

* Kerry County Museum: incorporating the theme park ' Kerry: The Kingdom ' and an exhibit which depicts life in medieval Geraldine Tralee.

The piano next gravely intones the Dies Irae, the " day of wrath " plainchant from the medieval Mass of the Dead, while the orchestra accompanies with a slower version of the opening motif of the Paganini theme.

It is inferred that geographically the medieval Wallachia in question ( distinct from both Great Wallachia in Thessaly and the later Wallachia north of the Danube ), overlaps with the former Roman province of Moesia Inferior ( Greek Mysia, Choniates, 481 ), as distinct from the Byzantine theme of Bulgaria further west ( Choniates, 488 ).

Otaru is well known for its beer, and Otaru Beer, next to the canal, is a popular restaurant with a medieval theme.

A common theme of American science fiction is the carrying of weapons by an armed populace ; much early science fiction depicts the space frontier as analogous with the Wild West or medieval Europe, where the carrying of weapons is an unexceptional fact of life.

The Congress typically features a film festival, screening movies which have a medieval setting or theme.