) accept fully the claims that the Kabbalah's teachings are in essence a revelation from God to the Biblical patriarch Abraham, Moses and other ancient figures, but were never printed and made publicly available until the time of the Zohar's medieval publication.

The author of the Zohar drew upon the Bible commentaries written by medieval rabbis, including Rashi, Abraham ibn Ezra, David Kimhi and even authorities as late as Nahmanides and Maimonides.

The word " Kabbalah " was used in medieval Jewish texts to mean " tradition ", see Abraham Ibn Daud's Sefer Ha-Qabbalah also known as the " Book of our Tradition ".

Mortalism is present in certain Second Temple Period pseudepigraphal works, later rabbinical works, and among medieval era rabbis such as Abraham Ibn Ezra ( 1092 – 1167 ), Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ), and Joseph Albo ( 1380 – 1444 ).

This discrepancy has been noted since the time of the medieval commentators, leading some to seek a reconciliatory model ( i. e. Hezekiah bar Manoah ), while others have proposed two separate sites being identified as Kadesh ( i. e. Abraham ibn Ezra & Nahmanides ).

* The explicit statements found in books of grammar near the 10th and 11th Centuries C. E., such as: The Sefer haQoloth of Moshe ben Asher ( published by N. Allony ), Diqduqé hata ' amim of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher ; the anonymous works entitled Horayath haQoré ( G. Khan and Ilan Eldar attribute it to the Karaite Abu Alfaraj Harun ), the Treatise on the Schwa ( published by Kurt Levy from a Genizah fragment in 1936 ), and Ma ' amar haschewa ( published from Genizah material by Allony ); the works of medieval Sephardi grammarians, such as Abraham Ibn Ezra, Judah ben David Hayyuj.

In the Bosom of Abraham Trinity, a subject only found in medieval English art, God the Father holds the group, now representing specifically Christian souls.

A popular medieval legend held that Muslims were the descendents of Hagar, while Christians descended from the legitimate marriage of Abraham and Sarah.

Thus instead there was a summary of the views of the most important medieval Jewish commentators, such as Abraham ibn Ezra, Rashi, Ramban, Radak, Sforno and Ralbag ( Gersonides ).

Many works of medieval rabbinic literature were written in Hebrew, including: Torah commentaries by Abraham ibn Ezra, Rashi and others ; codifications of Jewish law, such as Maimonides ' Mishneh Torah, the Arba ' ah Turim, and the Shulchan Aruch ; and works of Musar literature ( didactic ethical literature ) such as Bahya ibn Paquda's Chovot ha-Levavot ( The Duties of the Heart ).

Its name came about due to its having been described in a medieval grimoire called The Book of Abramelin written by Abraham the Jew.

The complexity of this law served as an impetus behind the development of algebra ( Arabic: al-jabr ) by the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī and other medieval Islamic mathematicians.

In a commentary of the hadith Sahih Muslim, entitled al-Minhaj, the medieval Islamic scholar Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi stated that " one of the collective duties of the community as a whole ( fard kifaya ) is to lodge a valid protest, to solve problems of religion, to have knowledge of Divine Law, to command what is right and forbid wrong conduct ".

Jerusalem had an extensive library not only of ancient and medieval Latin works but of Arabic literature, much of which was apparently captured from Usamah ibn Munqidh and his entourage after a shipwreck in 1154.

Mosheh ben Maimon ( משה בן מימון )‎, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (), or RaMBaM ( רמב " ם – Hebrew acronym for " Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon "), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages.

Famous African trade ports such as Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Kilwa were known to Chinese sailors such as Zheng He and medieval Islamic historians such as the Berber Islamic voyager Abu Abdullah ibn Battua.

Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic literature and Arabic poetry from the 9th century, notably by Al-Jahiz in his al-Bayan wa -' l-tabyin and al-Hayawan, and by Abdullah ibn al-Mu ' tazz in his Kitab al-Badi.

In the medieval Islamic world the Persian Muslim psychologist-physicians Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi ( d. 934 ) and Haly Abbas ( d. 994 ) developed an early understanding of illness that was due to the interaction of the mind and the body.

This idea is developed fully in later Jewish philosophy, especially in the thought of the medieval rationalists such as Maimonides and Samuel ibn Tibbon.

Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, including " The Second Shaykh's Story ", " The Eldest Lady's Tale " and " Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers ", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders.

Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī ( Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi ), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists ( August 26, 865 – 925 ), was a Persian polymath, a prominent figure in Islamic Golden Age, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.

The medieval scholar Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi ( d. 956 ) wrote that Allah commanded the Earth to absorb the water, and certain portions which were slow in obeying received salt water in punishment and so became dry and arid.

Dāwūd ibn Marwān al-Muqammiṣ was author of the earliest known Jewish philosophical work of the Middle Ages, a commentary on Sefer Yetzirah ( Book of Creation ); he is regarded as the father of Jewish medieval philosophy.

Hillenbrand suggests that the medieval Islamic texts called Maqamat, copied and illustrated by Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti were some of the earliest " coffee table books .< nowiki >"</ nowiki > They were among the first texts to hold up a mirror to daily life in Islamic art, portraying humorous stories and showing little to no inheritance of pictorial tradition.

The medieval Persian philosopher and physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi believed in a close relationship between conscience or spiritual integrity and physical health ; rather than being self-indulgent, man should pursue knowledge, use his intellect and apply justice in his life.

Muḥyiddin Muḥammad ibn ‘ Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘ Arabī was widely known as al-Shaykh al-Akbar ; in medieval Europe he was called Doctor Maximus.

In the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Muslim medicine such as Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi ( who wrote the Conduct of a Physician, the first book dedicated to medical ethics ) and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi ( known as Rhazes in the West ), Jewish thinkers such as Maimonides, Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, and the case-oriented analysis ( casuistry ) of Catholic moral theology.

A similar story is related by medieval Islamic historians such as Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, the Egyptian Ibn Abd-el-Hakem, and the Persians al-Tabari and Muhammad Khwandamir, stating that the pyramids, etc.

According to the medieval Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yazid came to power on the death of Umar II on February 10, 720.

Because of his disgrace, and the misfortunes of his sons, there was a tendency among medieval historians of the Maghreb to attribute his deeds ( the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous ) to Uqba ibn Nafi.

Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval Arabic poetry and literature from the 9th century, notably by Al-Jahiz in his al-Bayan wa -' l-tabyin and al-Hayawan, and by Abdullah ibn al-Mu ' tazz in his Kitab al-Badi.

It is discussed by such respected medieval historians and geographers as ibn Hawqal, Tabari, Istakhri, al-Muqaddasi, Ya ' qubi, Masudi, and Mostowfi Qazvini.

Professor Shapiro lists the many medieval Rabbis discuss changes and additions that occurred during the time of Ezra the Scribe in his work ' The Limits of Orthodox Theology: Maimonides ' Thirteen Principles Reappraised '.

Ezra Jack Keats's John Henry: An American Legend, published in 1965, is a notable picture book chronicling the history of John Henry and portraying him as the " personification of the medieval Everyman who struggles against insurmountable odds and wins.

Where these earlier movements had been steeped in a sentimental and nostalgic Celticism, however, the modernist-influenced Renaissance would seek a rebirth of Scottish national culture that would both look back to the medieval " makar " poets William Dunbar and Robert Henrysoun as well as look towards such contemporary influences as T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and D. H. Lawrence.

Examples of such practices include compadrazgo in modern Latin America, which developed from standard medieval European Catholic practices that fell out of favor in Europe after the seventeenth century, the veneration of Saints and angels that aren't officially venerated in Catholicism, generally from the apocryphal books, such as Uriel the Archangel from the Apocalypse of Ezra ( 2 Esdras or 4 Ezra depending on naming convention ), and ritual pilgrimages in medieval and modern Europe.

The Greeks believed amethyst gems could prevent intoxication, while medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle in the belief that amethysts heal people and keep them cool-headed.

Head of Programmes Wales at the BBC, Aneirin Talfan Davies, who commissioned several of Thomas ' early radio talks, believed that the poet's " whole attitude is that of the medieval bards.

Hawala is believed to have arisen in the financing of long-distance trade around the emerging capital trade centers in the early medieval period.

The term " Limbo of the Fathers " was a medieval name for the part of the underworld ( Hades ) where the patriarchs of the Old Testament were believed to be kept until Christ's soul descended into it by his death through crucifixion and freed them ( see Harrowing of Hell ).

" The Early medieval Codex Argenteus and Codex Vercellensis, the Stockholm Codex Aureus and the Codex Brixianus give a range of luxuriously produced manuscripts all on purple vellum, in imitation of Byzantine examples, like the Rossano Gospels, Sinope Gospels and the Vienna Genesis, which at least at one time are believed to have been reserved for Imperial commissions.

A black cockerel was believed in medieval times to be a symbol of witchcraft along with the black cat, with the rooster " used as symbols of either virtue or vice " till modern times.

A medieval tradition claimed that a woman, Pope Joan, succeeded him, disguising herself as a man, but Joan is generally believed to be fictitious.

The true origin of the blancmange is obscure, but it is believed that it was a result of the Arab introduction of rice and almonds in early medieval Europe.

The word pistachio comes from medieval Italian pistacchio, which is from classical Latin pistacium, which is from ancient Greek pistákion and pistákē, which is generally believed to be from Middle Persian, although unattested in Middle Persian.

From medieval times until the end of the 19th century, the region of Burkina Faso was ruled by the empire-building Mossi people, who are believed to have come up to their present location from northern Ghana, where the ethnically-related Dagomba people still live.

During the medieval period, Western scholarship on the Ismailis contributed to the popular view of the community as a radical sect of assassins, believed to be trained for the precise murder of their adversaries.

Some medieval Europeans believed narwhal tusks to be the horns from the legendary unicorn.

Many medieval writers believed resurrection was impossible without the assistance of the Christian God.

The crown of Skanderbeg, believed to have been created for the medieval king in the 15th century, was smuggled out of Albania by members of the Kastrioti family following the occupation of Albania by the Ottoman Empire.

The village is believed to have been founded around 800 BC and hosts a medieval castle-tower of 12th century, hence the name ( meaning little tower in local dialect ), and a monastery.

This treatise is believed to be proof that Adelard was connected to the Exchequer table that was used for monetary calculations in the medieval period.

In the area that would become Germany, written mention of Spätzle has been found in documents dating from 1725, although medieval illustrations are believed to place this noodle at an even earlier date.

The Croyland Chronicle, an important source for medieval historians, is believed to be the work of some of the monastery's inhabitants.

Potter Heigham Bridge is a medieval bridge, believed to date from 1385, famous for being the most difficult to navigate in the Broads.

The lanes along the north side of town are believed to follow the layout of the narrow medieval fields, and are slightly S-shaped because of the way ploughs turned at each end.

The current church, which has a ring of eight bells, is of medieval origins but was substantially rebuilt in the 19th Century: the tower retains medieval fabric believed to be from the 15th century.

There is a small duck pond opposite the church which was believed to have been dug as part of a medieval drainage system.

The city's central shopping area includes its unique Rows or galleries ( two levels of shops ) which date from medieval times and are believed to include the oldest shop front in England.