Taking Skyclad as an influence, Subway to Sally performs a blend of hard rock and heavy metal " enriched with medieval melodies enmeshed in the songs via bagpipes, hurdy-gurdy, lute, mandoline, shalm, fiddle and flute " and combined with " romantic-symbolic German-speaking poetry " in their lyrics.

Scholarly opinions differ on the exact manner of recitation, but it is generally believed that the chansons de geste were originally sung ( whereas the medieval romances were probably spoken ) by poets, minstrels or jongleurs, who would sometimes accompany themselves, or be accompanied, on the vielle, a mediæval fiddle played with a bow.

The arpeggione is a six-stringed musical instrument, fretted and tuned like a guitar, but bowed like a cello, and thus similar to the bass viola da gamba .< sup > photo </ sup > The body shape of the instrument, is however more similar to a medieval fiddle than either the guitar or the bass viol.

Some have theorized it emerged from the overwhelming influence of Low German in medieval times, having flattened the originally Nordic melodic accent, but stød is absent in most southern Danish dialects where Low German impact would have been the greatest.

The medieval Kingdom of France emerged out of the western part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, known as West Francia, and achieved increasing prominence under the rule of the House of Capet, founded by Hugh Capet in 987.

However, the name " nominalism " emerged out of debates in medieval philosophy with Roscellinus.

Historians in the " Whiggish " tradition that emerged during the Victorian period traced a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period.

Two divergent schools of thought emerged during this period which spans from 200 A. D. to the medieval period.

Hastings Rashdall set out the modern understanding of the medieval origins of the universities, noting that the earliest universities emerged spontaneously as " a scholastic Guild, whether of Masters or Students ... without any express authorisation of King, Pope, Prince or Prelate.

By 1400 there emerged an interest in humanitas which contrasted with the formalism of the medieval period, but initially this new interest in Roman antiquity was restricted to a few scholars, writers and philosophers ; it did not at first influence the visual arts.

Classical ( Puranic, Vedantic ) Hinduism as it emerged in the medieval period de-emphasizes animal sacrifice, and indeed any meat processing, based on the doctrine of ahimsa.

The Serbian Empire (, ) was a short-lived medieval empire in the Balkans that emerged from the Serbian Kingdom.

The term of " Slovak " is problematic in relation of the medieval period, because it is essentially the product of the modern nationalism as it emerged after the 18th century.

Pisa and Amalfi also emerged as maritime republics: trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support their powerful navies in the Mediterranean in those medieval centuries.

When after the end of the ' Tatar yoke ' the territory of former Kievan Rus was divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, two separate literary languages emerged in these states, Ruthenian in the west and medieval Russian in the east.

Carvel developed through transition from the age-old Mediterranean mortise and tenon joint method to the skeleton-first hull building technique which gradually emerged in the medieval period.

In his Communal History and Rama's Ayodhya, Professor Ram Sharan Sharma writes, " Ayodhya seems to have emerged as a place of religious pilgrimage in medieval times.

Builth first emerged in post-Roman times, probably on the other side of the Irfon river from its present site at Dol Eglwys ( Church Mound ) where a ruined early medieval church is thought to have stood.

Oriented at the medieval town plan, the city then emerged relatively modern timber-framed buildings in southern-German, baroque Style.

* The Germanic cattle farmer longhouses emerged along the southwestern North Sea coast in the third or fourth century BC and might be the ancestors of several medieval house types such as the Scandinavian langhus, the English, Welsh and Scottish longhouse variants and the German and Dutch Fachhallenhaus.

During the 11th century in northern Italy a new political and social structure emerged and the medieval communes developed to the form of city states.

Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged in the early medieval period, when the royalty, the nobility and the church borrowed money from Jewish bankers, or employed them as financiers.

Narrower conceptions of offences against Majesty as offences against the crown predominated in the European kingdoms that emerged in the early medieval period.

Bearers of the surname Flessas were found in Asia Minor in the early 12th century, as well as in Poliani ( Kalamata, Greece ), and in Prussia where the name emerged from medieval times as one of the noteworthy families of the region.

These groups include the Hasideans of the Second Temple period, the Chasidei Ashkenaz in medieval Europe, and the Hasidic movement which emerged in eighteenth century Eastern Europe.

One medieval commentary, the 10th-century Commenta Bernensia, states that men were burned in a wooden mannequin in sacrifice to Taranis.

It contains a collection of medieval Arab geographical treatises, most notably the 10th-century account of Ibn Fadlan of his embassy to the Volga Bulgars.

Other worlds are depicted in such early works as the 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, and the medieval Arabic The Adventures of Bulukiya ( from the One Thousand and One Nights ).

Later, and in medieval Europe, jetons were manufactured.

This system of ' counter casting ' continued into the late Roman empire and in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century.

While the Scandinavian branch emphasizes pantheist spirituality rooted in medieval and contemporary Scandinavian folklore, the American branch postulates a " native religion of the peoples of Northern Europe " reaching back into the paleolithic.

In medieval Europe, egg whites were used as glue to decorate parchments with gold leaf.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Due to the rich mining history dating from medieval times ( the Black Forest was one of the most important mining regions of Europe circa 1100 ) there are many mines re-opened to the public.

When they are lit, it is a way for one to call for military aid from the other, as per its historical use in medieval Europe.

The castle ruin Hammershus, on the northwestern tip of the island, is the largest medieval fortress in northern Europe, testament to the importance of its location.

Historical accounts from medieval Europe detail the use of infected animal carcasses, by Mongols, Turks and other groups, to infect enemy water supplies.

Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa.

The traditional, classical or popular ( meaning of the people ) ballad has been seen as originating with the wandering minstrels of late medieval Europe.

During the Viking Age, Birka ( Birca in medieval sources ), on the island of Björkö ( literally: " Birch Island ") in Sweden, was an important trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Orient.

The concept of zero ( which was also called " cipher "), which we all now think of as natural, was alien to medieval Europe, so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say " talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher ".

The latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as that of Europe in the medieval period, to view knowledge as the product, expression, and property of the collective.

In Europe, this system worked through the medieval period because there was virtually no new gold, silver or copper introduced through mining or conquest.

Outside Europe, the escapement mechanism had been known and used in medieval China, as the Song Dynasty horologist and engineer Su Song ( 1020 – 1101 ) incorporated it into his astronomical clock-tower of Kaifeng in 1088.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

However, a non-eternal cosmos, with both a beginning and an end, would later come to reflect the prevalent theological beliefs in medieval Europe.

A waist-length coat in medieval Europe was called a byrnie, although the exact construction of a byrnie is unclear.

In a historical or geopolitical sense the term usually refers collectively to Christian majority countries or countries in which Christianity dominates or was a territorial phenomenon .“ Christendom is originally a medieval concept steadily to have evolved since the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the gradual rise of the Papacy more in religio-temporal implication practically during and after the reign of Charlemagne ; and the concept let itself to be lulled in the minds of the staunch believers to the archetype of a holy religious space inhabited by Christians, blessed by God, the Heavenly Father, ruled by Christ through the Church and protected by the Spirit-body of Christ ; no wonder, this concept, as included the whole of Europe and then the expanding Christian territories on earth, strengthened the roots of Romance of the greatness of Christianity in the world .”

The Domesday Book was undertaken in 1086 by William I of England so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered in medieval Europe.

In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the Pope and the City of London Corporation.

Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords.

Norman F. Cantor's summary of the effects of late medieval deforestation applies equally well to Early Modern Europe:

The doctorate ( Latin: doceō, I teach ) appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach ( Latin: licentia docendi ) at a medieval university.