Some Orthodox Jews accept the earlier rabbinic position that the Zohar was a work written in the middle medieval period by Moses de Leon, but argue that since it is obviously based on earlier materials, it can still be held to be authentic, but not as authoritative or without error as others within Orthodoxy might hold.

The commentary was also thoroughly rabbinic, quoting mainly from medieval exegetes but also from Talmud-era midrashim.

There are a number of basic principles that were formulated by medieval rabbinic authorities.

Although even in Modern Orthodox circles there are some Rabbis ( e. g. Professor Marc Shapiro ) that point out the numerous rabbinic sources from the Talmudic, Post-Talmudic, and medieval ages that claim that there were some changes to the text, which include whole verses, that were made deliberately during the Mishnaic era, and even during the times of the first temple.

While some later rabbis have attempted to reconcile the differences, claiming that Maimonides ' principles are covered by Albo's much shorter list, alternate lists provided by other medieval rabbinic authorities seem to indicate some level of tolerance for varying theological perspectives.

However, the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era, as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writing, and thus corresponds with the Hebrew term Sifrut Hazal ( ספרות חז " ל ; " Literature our sages blessed memory ," where Hazal normally refers only to the sages of the Talmudic era ).

; 1250 – 1550: Period of the Rishonim, the medieval rabbinic sages.

Though the number 613 is mentioned in the Talmud, its real significance increased in later medieval rabbinic literature, including many works listing or arranged by the mitzvot.

Another medieval rabbinic work, the Book of Jasher, further corrupts these same names into:

In the medieval period, direct Jewish responses to Greek ethics may be seen in major rabbinic writings.

In the medieval period, direct Jewish responses to Greek ethics may be seen in major rabbinic writings.

Greenberg's studies of Jewish thought include studies of the intellectual achievements of medieval Jewish exegesis, investigations of rabbinic reflections on defying illegal orders ( Studies, 395-403 ), and attitudes toward members of other religions ( Studies, 369-393 ; " A Problematic Heritage ").

Another medieval rabbinic work, the Book of Jasher, further corrupts these same names into:

Midrashic and medieval rabbinic commentary also focus on the different word choices for the divine in and.

The foremost medieval rabbinic commentator, Rashi argues that the verse does not signify the order of creation, or else it would have used other wording ( barishonah or " at first "):

These were biblical, rabbinic, medieval, modern ( roughly to 1948 ), and contemporary periods.

Many works of medieval rabbinic literature were written in Hebrew, including: Torah commentaries by Abraham ibn Ezra, Rashi and others ; codifications of Jewish law, such as Maimonides ' Mishneh Torah, the Arba ' ah Turim, and the Shulchan Aruch ; and works of Musar literature ( didactic ethical literature ) such as Bahya ibn Paquda's Chovot ha-Levavot ( The Duties of the Heart ).

There are 83 known manuscripts of the work from the late medieval and early Renaissance period, more than any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience.

There are 83 known manuscripts of the work from the late medieval and early Renaissance period, more than any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience.

* a layer derived from earlier source materials, almost certainly transmitted to the vernacular author / translator in Latin ; and comprising, at the least, those extensive passages in the Gospel of Barnabas that closely parallel pericopes in the canonical gospels ; but whose underlying text appears markedly distinct from that of the late medieval Latin Vulgate ( as for instance in the alternative version of the Lord's Prayer in chapter 37, which includes a concluding doxology, contrary to the Vulgate text, but in accordance with the Diatessaron and many other early variant traditions );

The text of her writing and compositions reveals Hildegard's use of this form of modified medieval Latin, encompassing many invented, conflated and abridged words.

However, further description of how this flint device operated was not made until a Chinese text of 1606 AD revealed that a weight drive ( common in medieval clockworks ) had been used to work the ' steel wheel '.

References to the Sifra from the time of the early medieval rabbis ( and after ) are to the text extant today.

The text of this midrash is only partially preserved in medieval works, while other portions were discovered by Solomon Schechter in his research in the famed Cairo Geniza.

" The name " Paracelsus " was a pseudonym signifying him the equal or better of Aulus Cornelius Celsus, whose text, which described the use of opium or a similar preparation, had recently been translated and reintroduced to medieval Europe.

In medieval times, sovereignty was seen as absoluteness of the state ; this is according to Thomas Hobbes in his text ," Leviathan ".

In the early medieval era, Rashi concluded that some statements in the extant text of the Talmud were insertions from later editors.

Medieval poetical literature is full of allusions that can be traced to the Physiologus tradition ; the text also exerted great influence on the symbolism of medieval ecclesiastical art: symbols like those of the phoenix rising from its ashes and the pelican feeding her young with her own blood are still well-known.

This translation, originally into French, and thence into English, featured the original text attributed to Vatsyayana, along with a medieval and a modern commentary.

Joseph is referenced in apocryphal and non-canonical accounts such as the Acts of Pilate, a text often appended to the medieval Gospel of Nicodemus and The Narrative of Joseph, and mentioned in the works of early church historians such as Irenaeus ( 125 – 189 ), Hippolytus ( 170 – 236 ), Tertullian ( 155 – 222 ) and Eusebius ( 260 – 340 ), who added details not found in the canonical accounts.

This legend is the source of the Grail claim by the Nanteos Cup on display in the museum in Aberystwyth ; however, it should be noted that there is no reference to this tradition in ancient or medieval text.

Later medieval writers often associated the battle with the legendary King Arthur ( see also, " Historical basis for King Arthur "); however, no text decisively dated before the 9th-century Historia Britonnum mentions Arthur in relation to the battle.

The Vinland Map first came to light in 1957 ( three years before the discovery of the Norse site at L ' Anse aux Meadows in 1960 ), bound in a slim volume with a short medieval text called the Hystoria Tartarorum ( usually called in English the Tartar Relation ), and was unsuccessfully offered to the British Museum by London book dealer Irving Davis on behalf of a Spanish-Italian dealer named Enzo Ferrajoli de Ry.

* Micrography Decorative illustrations often made using the text of the Mesorah in medieval Pentateuch codexes.

The customary medieval exegetical technique commented on the text in glossae (" glosses " or annotations ) written between the lines and at the side of the text which was left with wide margins for this very purpose.

According to the medieval text Cath Maige Leana (" the battle of Mag Leana "), Mug Nuadat's father, Mug Neit son of Deirgtine, had expelled the kings of Munster, Conaire Coem and Mac Niad mac Lugdach.

The legend of Elffin's association with Taliesin is given at its fullest in the late medieval prose text Ystorya Taliesin, the earliest redaction of the tale known as Hanes Taliesin.

As with many medieval manuscripts that were handcopied or particularly in the early years of printing, there were considerable differences between various editions of the same text, as the process of transcription was highly personal.

In his Canon of Medicine ( a standard medical text at many medieval universities ), Persian polymath Avicenna ( 980 – 1037 AD ) extended the theory of temperaments to encompass " emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams.

In Gregory ’ s day, history was not recognized as an independent field of study ; it was a branch of grammar or rhetoric, and historia ( defined as ‘ story ’) summed up the approach of the learned when they wrote what was, at that time, considered ‘ history .’ Gregory ’ s Dialogues Book Two, then, an authentic medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter, is designed to teach spiritual lessons.

Works from the medieval Muslim world included Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's ( 828 – 896 ) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils.

The Domesday Book was undertaken in 1086 by William I of England so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered in medieval Europe.

Aelian's work is one of the sources of medieval natural history and of the bestiaries of the Middle Ages ; in some ways an allegory of the moral world, an Emblem Book.

The Poetic Edda, also known as Sæmundar Edda or the Elder Edda, is a collection of Old Norse poems from the Icelandic medieval manuscript Codex Regius (" Royal Book ").

Historians in the " Whiggish " tradition, focusing on documents such as the Domesday Book and Magna Carta, trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period.

The Libro de los Juegos, (" Book of games "), or Libro de acedrex, dados e tablas, (" Book of chess, dice and tables ", in Old Spanish ) was commissioned by Alfonso X of Castile, Galicia and León and completed in his scriptorium in Toledo in 1283, is an exemplary piece of Alfonso ’ s medieval literary legacy.

Both the Bible ( including, but not limited to the Book of Proverbs ) and medieval Latin ( aided by the work of Erasmus ) have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe, although almost every culture has examples of its own.

Dream frames were frequently used in medieval allegory to justify the narrative ; The Book of the Duchess and The Vision Concerning Piers Plowman are two such dream visions.

The school originated as a medieval cathedral school, and it is often claimed ( e. g. by the historian Arthur Leach in a letter to The Times in 1896, and in the Guinness Book of Records ) to have been founded in AD 597 by St. Augustine, therefore making it the world's oldest extant school.

There are two written sources on the origin of the name, in The Book of Icelanders ( Íslendingabók ), a historical work dealing with early Icelandic history from the 12th century, and in the medieval Icelandic saga, The Saga of Eric the Red ( Eiríks saga rauða ), which is about the Norse settlement in Greenland and the story of Erik the Red in particular.

Legends in medieval Europe attributed Virgil with prophetic powers, and sometimes more magical abilities, as in the fairy tale " Virgilius the Sorcerer " collected in The Violet Fairy Book.

The various Eucharistic liturgies used by national churches of the Anglican Communion have continuously evolved from the 1549 and 1552 editions of the Book of Common Prayer which both owed their form and contents chiefly to the work of Thomas Cranmer, who had rejected the medieval theology of the Mass in about 1547 Although the 1549 rite retained the traditional sequence of the mass, its underlying theology was Protestant.

As well as being a fine example of autobiography, the " Book of Deeds " expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy, examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order, and medieval military tactics.

The achievements of insular art, in illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells, high crosses, and metalwork like the Ardagh Chalice remain very well known, and in the case of manuscript decoration had a profound influence on Western medieval art.

A number of legendary bards in Welsh mythology have been preserved in medieval Welsh literature such as the Red Book of Hergest, the White Book of Rhydderch, the Book of Aneirin and the Book of Taliesin.

O ' Mulconry's Glossary, a thirteenth century compilation of glosses from medieval manuscripts preserved in the Yellow Book of Lecan, describes Macha as " one of the three morrígna " ( the plural of Morrígan ), and says the term Mesrad Machae, " the mast crop of Macha ", refers to " the heads of men that have been slaughtered.

Preiddeu Annwfn, an early medieval poem found in the Book of Taliesin describes a voyage led by King Arthur to the numerous otherworldy kingdoms within Annwn, either to rescue the prisoner Gweir, or to retrieve the cauldron of the Head of Annwn.

Gwyn appears prominently in the medieval poem The Dialogue of Gwyn ap Nudd and Gwyddno Garanhir, found in the Black Book of Carmarthen.

"' Some talk of Alexander and some of Hercules ': three early medieval poems from the ' Book of Taliesin.

At least from the 17th century the name Ahasver has been given to the Wandering Jew, apparently adapted from Ahasuerus, the Persian king in the Book of Esther, who was not a Jew, and whose very name among medieval Jews was an exemplum of a fool.