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medieval and scholar
Another candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the eleventh century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.
Anacharsis, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle
Anaxagoras, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle
* Constantine of Preslav, a medieval Bulgarian scholar
During what is often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, in order for a scholar to be qualified to issue a fatwā, it was required that he obtained an ijazat attadris wa ' l-ifta (" license to teach and issue legal opinions ") from a Madrassah in the medieval Islamic legal education system, which was developed by the 9th century during the formation of the Madh ' hab legal schools.
In a commentary of the hadith Sahih Muslim, entitled al-Minhaj, the medieval Islamic scholar Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi stated that " one of the collective duties of the community as a whole ( fard kifaya ) is to lodge a valid protest, to solve problems of religion, to have knowledge of Divine Law, to command what is right and forbid wrong conduct ".
Thomas Aquinas was the most important Western medieval legal scholar
So, for example, the 16th-century humanist scholar Polydore Vergil famously rejected the claim that Arthur was the ruler of a post-Roman empire, found throughout the post-Galfridian medieval " chronicle tradition ", to the horror of Welsh and English antiquarians.
Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, " the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free ( particularly in the natural sciences ) to follow reason and observation wherever they led ".
* 1929 – Norman Cantor, Canadian medieval scholar ( d. 2004 )
According to medieval scholar Richard Zeikowitz, the Green Knight represents a threat to homosocial friendship in his medieval world.
Zeno, portrayed as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle
Solon, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle
Another famous victim of castration was the medieval French philosopher, scholar, teacher, and ( later ) monk Pierre Abélard.
Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī ( Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi ), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists ( August 26, 865 – 925 ), was a Persian polymath, a prominent figure in Islamic Golden Age, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.
His annotations give a good idea of the wide variety of works available to a medieval scholar.
Posidonius, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle
* Saint Naum, medieval Bulgarian scholar
Theophrastus, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle
Sowa combines ideas from numerous disciplines and eras modern and ancient, for example, applying ideas from Aristotle, the medieval Scholastics to Alfred North Whitehead and including database schema theory, and incorporating the model of analogy of Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyyah in his works.
* Makhir of Narbonne, medieval Jewish scholar
An alternate etymology, proposed by the Dutch scholar Lauran Toorians, would derive the name Gawain not from the Middle Welsh Gwalchmei, but rather from the medieval Dutch name Walewein ( attested in Flanders and Northern France c. 1100 AD ).
His description of Avalon here, which is heavily indebted to the early medieval Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville ( being mostly derived from the section on famous islands in Isidore's famous work Etymologiae, XIV. 6. 8 " Fortunatae Insulae "), shows the magical nature of the island:

medieval and Abu
Famous African trade ports such as Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Kilwa were known to Chinese sailors such as Zheng He and medieval Islamic historians such as the Berber Islamic voyager Abu Abdullah ibn Battua.
The terms " comedy " and " satire " became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Arabic writers and Islamic philosophers such as Abu Bischr, his pupil Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes.
The motto " Crom A Boo " comes from the medieval Croom Castle and " Abu ", meaning " up " in Irish ; Crom Abu was the FitzGeralds ' medieval warcry.
The medieval Islamic historian Abu Rayhan Biruni ( c. 973-1050 ) provides us with the earliest reference of the production of Damascus steel.
Certain medieval scholars — including Al-Tabari ( 838 – 932 ), Abu Thawr ( 764 – 854 ), Al-Muzani ( 791 – 878 ), and Ibn Arabi ( 1165 – 1240 )— considered the practice permissible at least for optional ( nafila ) prayers ; however, their views are not accepted by any major surviving group.
The terms " comedy " and " satire " became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Arabic writers and Islamic philosophers, such as Abu Bischr, his pupil al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes.
** the new 10, 000 Iraqi dinar banknote has Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham ( known as Alhazen to medieval scholars in the West ) on the front and Hadba Minaret on the back.
Ahmad Baba al-Massufi al-Tinbukti, full name Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ahmad al-Takruri Al-Massufi al-Timbukti ( October 26, 1556 – 1627 ), ( also known as Ahmed Baba Es Sudane or Ahmed Baba the black ) was a medieval West African writer, scholar, and political provocateur in the area then known as the Western Sudan.
* The explicit statements found in books of grammar near the 10th and 11th Centuries C. E., such as: The Sefer haQoloth of Moshe ben Asher ( published by N. Allony ), Diqduqé hata ' amim of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher ; the anonymous works entitled Horayath haQoré ( G. Khan and Ilan Eldar attribute it to the Karaite Abu Alfaraj Harun ), the Treatise on the Schwa ( published by Kurt Levy from a Genizah fragment in 1936 ), and Ma ' amar haschewa ( published from Genizah material by Allony ); the works of medieval Sephardi grammarians, such as Abraham Ibn Ezra, Judah ben David Hayyuj.
According to Abu al-Fazl, Emperor Akbar's prime minister, Kayasthas were rulers of the Pala Empire, one of the major early medieval Indian kingdoms that originated in Bengal.
Many other medieval Islamic philosophers and biologists later expressed evolutionary ideas, including Ibn Miskawayh, the Brethren of Purity, Abu Rayhan Biruni ,< ref >
Sharfuddin Abu Tawwamah, a medieval Sufi saint and Islamic philosopher came and settled here sometime between 1282 and 1287.
He was son of Saiyed Yaqoob and grandson of Abu Abdullah Saiyed Ahmad ( 924-969 AD ), who held respectable post of ‘ Naqeeb ’ of the city of Qom, in the medieval Persia.
Today the city has a museum with mosaics from the Dead Cities, the Great Mosque of Maarrat al-Numan, a madrassa built by Abu al-Farawis from 1199 and remains of the medieval citadel.

medieval and Ali
Ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate ; and to select the Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal.
In the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Muslim medicine such as Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi ( who wrote the Conduct of a Physician, the first book dedicated to medical ethics ) and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi ( known as Rhazes in the West ), Jewish thinkers such as Maimonides, Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, and the case-oriented analysis ( casuistry ) of Catholic moral theology.
* a medieval Latinisation of Arabic Ali ( also Haly )
Ali Baba ( ) is a character from medieval Arabic literature.
The medieval " Tekyeh Amir Chakhmagh ", Yazd, Iran. A Tekyeh is a place where Shias gather to mourn the killing of Husayn bin Ali.

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