The doctorate ( Latin: doceō, I teach ) appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach ( Latin: licentia docendi ) at a medieval university.

The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of enquiry and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation ; and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research The University of Bologne is considered the oldest continually operating university.

Galen's works on anatomy and medicine became the mainstay of the medieval physician's university curriculum, alongside Ibn Sina's The Canon of Medicine which elaborated on Galen's works.

Later, in medieval Europe, Galen's writings on anatomy became the mainstay of the medieval physician's university curriculum along ; but they suffered greatly from stasis and intellectual stagnation.

A studium generale ( a medieval university education ) was founded in 1425, although it was not until 1438 that education was started by the Franciscan order for a baccalaureus degree.

Together the Trivium and Quadrivium constituted the seven liberal arts of the medieval university curriculum.

In the medieval Western university, the seven liberal arts were divided in two parts:

By the time of the medieval university system, knowledge was divided into the trivium — philosophy, including natural philosophy — and the quadrivium — mathematics, including astronomy.

If the old city of Utrecht offers both medieval and contemporary surroundings, the reputation of the university is a growing factor in the decision of its students to enroll.

The establishment of a medieval university in Prague was inspired by Holy Roman Emperor Charles of Luxembourg.

In medieval origin, these were the halls in which the members of the university lived together during term time.

* Henry Mansfield ( died 1328 ), English medieval theologian, philosopher, churchman, and university chancellor

He stayed to teach and research medieval history at the university for several years.

A medieval university is a corporation organized during the High Middle Ages for the purposes of higher learning.

In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were products of the medieval university.

The development of the medieval university coincided with the widespread reintroduction of Aristotle from Byzantine and Arab scholars.

In fact, the European university put Aristotelian and other natural science texts at the center of its curriculum, with the result that the " medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent.

This 1300 manuscript is typical of the sort of book owned by medieval university students.

The city is known for its ancient university and its medieval minster, as well as for its high standard of living and advanced environmental practices.

* William de Wilton, an English medieval university chancellor

Liege Continues to be the economic and cultural capital of Wallonia with its university and, its medieval heritage, its sick but still functioning heavy industry.

George did wonderful complicated pen-and-ink drawings like something out of a medieval miniature: hundreds of delicate details crammed into an eight-by-ten sheet and looking as if they had been done under a jeweler's glass.

17th-19th century collections of alpine myths and legends suggest that alphorn-like instruments had frequently been used as signal instruments in village communities since medieval times or earlier, sometimes substituting for the lack of church bells.

During the same period a movement with similar aims had also developed in France under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc a French architect and theorist, famous for his " restorations " of medieval buildings.

The opposing armies are made up of reservists, up to 1, 600 in some scenes, who had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their drab uniforms for medieval garb.

The whole act of parish worship might take well over two hours ; and accordingly, churches were equipped with pews in which households could sit together ( whereas in the medieval church, men and women had worshipped separately ).

Outside Europe, the escapement mechanism had been known and used in medieval China, as the Song Dynasty horologist and engineer Su Song ( 1020 – 1101 ) incorporated it into his astronomical clock-tower of Kaifeng in 1088.

By simply denying that an efficient first cause is problematic, being easily explained as the creative action of an omnipotent God, medieval theologians re-purposed and enhanced Aristotle's argument, as if the intention had been to prove God's existence.

The Domesday Book was undertaken in 1086 by William I of England so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered in medieval Europe.

The site had been occupied by the village of Kastri since medieval times.

Resolution of these scholarly questions remained very difficult so long as no complete version of the Diatessaron in Syriac or Greek had been recovered ; while the medieval translations that had survived — in Arabic and Latin — both relied on texts that had been heavily corrected to conform better with later canonical versions of the separate Gospel texts.

The remote origins of the theory are rooted in the medieval idea that God had bestowed earthly power on the king, just as God had given spiritual power and authority to the church, centering on the pope.

As such, the planned medieval storyline had to be scrapped.

Hitler continued to refer to corporatism in propaganda, but it was not put into place, even though a number of Nazi officials such as Walther Darré, Gottfried Feder, Alfred Rosenburg, and Gregor Strasser were in favour of a neo-medievalist form of corporatism, since corporations had been influential in German history in the medieval era.

Early medieval writers often had fuzzy and imprecise impressions of both Ptolemy and Aristotle and relied more on Pliny, but they felt ( with one exception ), little urge to assume flatness.

This is known as the classical period of Indian history, during which time India has sometimes been estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient and medieval world, with its huge population generating between one fourth and one third of the world's income up to the 18th century.

European harps in medieval and Renaissance times usually had a bray pin fitted to make a buzzing sound when a string was plucked.

* The Eastern Orthodox Church had a period of Byzantine iconoclasm during the late medieval years, in which some groups destroyed the church's religious imagery.

Saint Thomas Aquinas, the greatest of the medieval scholastics, refused to admit the Immaculate Conception, on the ground that, unless the Blessed Virgin had at one time or other been one of the sinful, she could not justly be said to have been redeemed by Christ.

Their voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers, who had journeyed overland to the Far East and contributed to geographical knowledge of parts of Asia upon their return.

Known in medieval Chinese sources as Tujue ( 突厥 tú jué ), the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin / Tuman Khan / Khaghan ( d. 552 ) and his sons established the first known Turkic state around 552 in the general area of territory that had earlier been occupied by the Xiongnu, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.

Jerusalem had an extensive library not only of ancient and medieval Latin works but of Arabic literature, much of which was apparently captured from Usamah ibn Munqidh and his entourage after a shipwreck in 1154.

Lothar Malskat was hired to restore the medieval frescoes of the cathedral of the Marienkirche in Lübeck, which were discovered inside the walls after the cathedral had been badly damaged during World War II.