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method and infrastructure
Although ferry transport between islands remains the prominent method of transport between the nations islands, improvements to the road infrastructure, rail, urban transport, and airports have all led to a vast improvement in transportation.
Defenders of business taxation argue that it is an efficient method of taxing income that ultimately flows to individuals, or that separate taxation of business is justified on the grounds that commercial activity necessarily involves use of publicly established and maintained economic infrastructure, and that businesses are in effect charged for this use.
The most common method of asserting the digital origin of data is through digital certificates, a form of public key infrastructure, to which digital signatures belong.
Boiling can be used as a method of water disinfection but is only advocated as an emergency water treatment method, or as a method of portable water purification in rural or wilderness settings without access to a potable water infrastructure.
An advantage of this method is that no infrastructure needs to be built along the road ; only the mobile phone network is leveraged.
The private finance initiative ( PFI ) is a procurement method which uses private sector capacity and public resources in order to deliver public sector infrastructure and / or services according to a specification defined by the public sector.
One method proposed that aims to avoid the fundamental lack in certain countries health care infrastructure is the privatisation of some areas, thus enabling drugs to be purchased on the open market from sources that are not officially related to the health care industry.
Mobile payment method via NFC faces significant challenges for wide and fast adoption, due to lack of supporting infrastructure, complex ecosystem of stakeholders, and standards.
* Community Infrastructure Fund ( CIF ), a method of UK government funding for transport infrastructure
This method can consist of a series of antennas, towers, collectors, repeaters, or other permanently installed infrastructure to collect transmissions of meter readings from AMR capable meters and get the data to a central computer without a person in the field to collect it.
His method of presenting the infrastructure of the nose through decortication gained world attention.
The variant that is most often found in practice is the integration of the Delphi method into the scenario process ( see e. g. Rikkonen, 2005 ; von der Gracht, 2007 ; Transportation & Logistics 2030 – How will supply chains evolve in an energy constrained and low-carbon world ; Transportation & Logistics 2030 – Transport infrastructure – Engine or hand brakes for global supply chains?
Utilizing the infrastructure of information through technology is a method of continuing cultures within the context of the information pipelines of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
The report concluded that the programme had developed a skilled pool of expertise, some services, and had led to cooperation between academia and industry, but that these achievements were at a project level rather than by generating infrastructure or transforming disciplines to adopt e-Science as a normal method of work, and that they were not self-sustainable without further investment.
Tax Increment Financing, or TIF, is a public financing method that is used for subsidizing redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community-improvement projects in many countries, including the United States.
The whole line can be operated by just one or two signallers and needs very little infrastructure other than the track itself, making it a very cost-effective method.
SRP was first developed as a layer 2 ( data-link layer ) protocol to link Cisco's Dynamic Packet Transport ( DPT ) protocol ( a method of delivering packet-based traffic over a SONET / SDH infrastructure ) to the physical SONET / SDH layer.
This method requires no public-key infrastructure.
Impact fees have become the most important method in infrastructure financing and an essential part of local governments to fund infrastructure or public services.

method and asset
In finance, discounted cash flow ( DCF ) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money.
As a method of asset valuation it has often been opposed to accounting book value, which is based on the amount paid for the asset.
The number of losers — which may add up to the size and severity of poverty — can be unexpectedly large if the method and process of privatization and how it is implemented are seriously flawed ( e. g. lack of transparency leading to state-owned assets being appropriated at minuscule amounts by those with political connections, absence of regulatory institutions leading to transfer of monopoly rents from public to private sector, improper design and inadequate control of the privatization process leading to asset stripping.
One method of asset protection is the creation of a discretionary trust, of which the settlor may be the protector and a beneficiary, but not the trustee and not the sole beneficiary.
* A method for asset valuation that uses fuzzy logic and fuzzy numbers for real option valuation
One method that looks into a correct discount rate is the capital asset pricing model.
In most cases the method is " straight line ", with the same depreciation charge from the date when an asset is brought into use until it is expected to be sold or no further economic benefits obtained from it, but other patterns of depreciation are used if assets are used proportionately more in some periods than others.
Using the so-called " perpetual inventory method ", one starts off from a benchmark asset figure, and adds on the net additions to fixed assets year by year, while deducting annual depreciation, all data being adjusted for price inflation using a capital expenditure price index.
For example, one traditional actuarial method suggests that changing the asset allocation mix of investments can change the value of liabilities and assets ( by changing the discount rate assumption ).
Depreciation is any method of allocating such net cost to those periods expected to benefit from use of the asset.
This method estimates the value of an asset based on its expected future cash flows, which are discounted to the present ( i. e., the present value ).
This method is known as the net asset value or cost method.
An alternative approach to the net asset value method is the excess earnings method.
He was one of the originators of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, created the Sharpe ratio for risk-adjusted investment performance analysis, contributed to the development of the binomial method for the valuation of options, the gradient method for asset allocation optimization, and returns-based style analysis for evaluating the style and performance of investment funds.
Software licensing audits are an important part of software asset management, but also serve as a method of corporate reputation management by ensuring that the company is operating within legal and ethical guidelines.
There is no universal method or basis of valuing assets and liabilities for the purposes of calculating net asset value used throughout the world, and the criteria used for the valuation will depend upon the circumstances, the purposes of the valuation and any regulatory and / or accounting principles that may apply.
Where there is no objective method of calculating the value of an asset, the fund manager's own valuation methods subject to a fund's directors or trustees is usually used.
An alternative method of ranking portfolio management is Jensen's alpha, which quantifies the added return as the excess return above the security market line in the capital asset pricing model.
That common understanding I take to mean the highest price an asset might reasonably be expected to bring if sold by the owner in the normal method applicable to the asset in question in the ordinary course of business in a market not exposed to any undue stresses and composed of willing buyers and sellers dealing at arm's length and under no compulsion to buy or sell.

method and management
* Activity-based management, a strategic decision-making method
As climbing form and table form construction method and efficient construction management are used in this project which make this reinforced concrete structure take no longer construction time than the steel structure.
Operations research remained important as a tool in business and project management, with the critical path method being developed in the 1950s.
The preferred method is to keep the logical design normalised, but allow the database management system ( DBMS ) to store additional redundant information on disk to optimise query response.
The Fulani came from the Senegal River valley, where their ancestors had developed a method of livestock management based on transhumance.
* PRiSM or PRojects integrating Sustainable Methods, a structured project management method
The PRINCE2 process modelPRINCE2 is a structured approach to project management, released in 1996 as a generic project management method.
PRiSM is a structured project management method developed to align organizational sustainability initiatives with project delivery.
Critical chain project management ( CCPM ) is a method of planning and managing project execution designed to deal with uncertainties inherent in managing projects, while taking into consideration limited availability of resources ( physical, human skills, as well as management & support capacity ) needed to execute projects.
Event chain methodology is another method that complements critical path method and critical chain project management methodologies.
* HERMES method, Swiss general project management method, selected for use in Luxembourg and international organizations.
* 2D Key ( 2-Dimensional Key ) is a 2D matrix-like key input method having the key styles of multiline passphrase, crossword, ASCII / Unicode art, with optional textual semantic noises, to create big password / key beyond 128 bits to realize the MePKC ( Memorizable Public-Key Cryptography ) using fully memorizable private key upon the current private key management technologies like encrypted private key, split private key, and roaming private key.
The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it, and let the database management system software take care of describing data structures for storing the data and retrieval procedures for answering queries.
Methods, definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk management method is in the context of project management, security, engineering, industrial processes, financial portfolios, actuarial assessments, or public health and safety.
Improving the method of visitor management and some new electronic locks take advantage of technologies such as fingerprint scanning, iris or retinal scanning, and voiceprint identification to authenticate users.
For example, a parity bit or other error management method can be inserted into the signal path.
In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars.
NSA has been trying to replace this method with a more secure electronic key management system ( EKMS ), but paper tape is apparently still being employed.
The method is used by modern management training companies facilitating skills, knowledge and attitudinal change ; e. g.
To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the critical path method ( CPM ).

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