The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

However, most modern abjads, such as Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic and Avestan, are " impure " abjads, that is, they also contain symbols for some of the vowel phonemes.

Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.

Abijah ( אביה ' aḆiYaH ) or Abiah or Abia, modern Hebrew Aviya, is a Biblical unisex name that means " my Father is Yahweh ".

Originally published in modern Hebrew, with a running commentary to facilitate learning, his Steinzaltz edition of the Talmud has also been translated into English, French, Russian and Spanish.

The spelling and names in both the 1609 – 1610 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint ( an ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, which is widely used by the Eastern Orthodox instead of the Masoretic text ) differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.

The Septuagint version appears to agree more with the Qumran fragments rather than the Hebrew / Aramaic Masoretic text reflected in modern translations.

The Hebrew text of Samuel is widely recognised to be heavily corrupted with errors ( meaning that scribes, over the centuries, have introduced many mistakes while copying the original version ), while in addition the Greek and Hebrew versions differ considerably ; modern scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents.

The differences between the more modern and traditional branches of American Judaism came to a head in 1883, at the " Trefa Banquet " at the Highland House entertainment pavilion, which was at the top of the Mount Adams Incline – where shellfish and other non-kosher dishes were served at the celebration of the first graduating class of Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati.

Since in the modern Hebrew calendar Nisan 15 can never fall on Monday, Wednesday, or Friday, the seder of Nisan 15 never falls on the night of Maundy Thursday.

Modern Hebrew Bibles call the two books Ezra and Nehemiah, as do other modern Bible translations.

Several parallel animal fables in Sumerian and Akkadian are among those that Erich Ebeling introduced to modern Western readers ; there are comparable fables from Egypt's Middle Kingdom, and Hebrew fables such as the " king of trees " in Book of Judges 9: 8-15 and " the thistle and the cedar tree " in II Kings 14: 9.

In modern Hebrew golem is used to mean " dumb " or " helpless ".

The Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 25 +< sup > 25 </ sup >/< sub > 57 </ sub > seconds than the present-day mean solar year, so that every 224 years, the Hebrew calendar will fall a full day behind the modern solar year, and about every 231 years it will fall a full day behind the Gregorian calendar year.

Pico de la Mirandola ( d. 1494 ) was the first to collect Hebrew manuscripts, and Reuchlin was the first to write a modern grammar of the Hebrew language ( 1506 ).

* The tense – aspect that is formed by prefixes could denote either the present ( especially frequentative ) or the future, as well as frequentative past in Biblical Hebrew ( some scholars argue that it simply denoted imperfective aspect ), while in modern Hebrew it is always future.

In contrast to the varied development of these pronunciations is the relatively rapid development of modern Israeli Hebrew.

Below are the consonants of modern General Israeli Hebrew.

Some historically distinctive Hebrew phonemes have merged in modern Hebrew, such as historically distinctive ( now all pronounced ), written respectively by the letters Tav ( ת ּ), ( ת ) and ( ט ).

According to the standard modern text on the work, Lamar Ronald Lacey's The Myth of Aktaion: Literary and Iconographic Studies, the most likely original version of the myth is that Actaeon was the hunting companion of the goddess who, seeing her naked in her sacred spring, attempts to force himself on her.

Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first " modern " text book, Matthias Schleiden's, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany.

While modern Roman Catholic scholars openly recognize the Greek additions as clearly being additions to the text, the Book of Esther is used twice in commonly used sections of the Catholic Lectionary.

In light of this, and the practical difficulty of managing such long keys, modern cryptographic practice has discarded the notion of perfect secrecy as a requirement for encryption, and instead focuses on computational security, under which the computational requirements of breaking an encrypted text must be infeasible for an attacker.

The standard modern text is Mervin R. Dilts's, of 1974.

Computer displays in which the positions of individual pixels are permanently fixed by the design of the hardware — such as most modern flat panel displays — can show saw-tooth edges when displaying small, high-contrast graphic elements such as text.

In modern text books, the diffusion pump is categorized as a momentum transfer pump.

Irving Fisher in his 1930 book " The Theory of Interest " and John Burr Williams's 1938 text ' The Theory of Investment Value ' first formally expressed the DCF method in modern economic terms.

The absence of modern literary conventions, which are an aid to comprehension, was an early and persistent source of errors affecting transmission of the text.

It is the shortest of Paul's extant letters, consisting of only 335 words in the original Greek text and 25 verses in modern English translations.

While the standard argument for utilizing a modern text supports distillation of information into a form relevant to modern society, perennialists argue that many of the historical debates and the development of ideas presented by the great books are relevant to any society, at any time, and thus that the suitability of the great books for instructional use is unaffected by their age.

On the one hand, some modern scholars are convinced that the language, dating, literary style, and structure of this text makes it implausible to conclude that 1 Peter was written by Peter ; according these scholars, it is more likely that 1 Peter is a pseudonymous letter, written later by one of the disciples of Peter in his honor.

The majority of modern translations ( for example English Standard Version and New American Standard Bible ) do not include this text.

* The text with modern Icelandic spelling

Some modern scholars maintain the Secret Gospel is a clumsy forgery, while others accept this text as being authentic.

from: 1500 till: 1800 color: lightgrey text: Early modern

from: 1800 till: 2000 color: lightgrey text: Late modern

We have little information about the early condition of the Homeric poems, but in the second century BC, Alexandrian editors stabilized this text from which all modern texts descend.

Over these voluntary agencies, in 1917-18, the CTCA served as a co-ordinating body in carrying out what Survey called `` the most stupendous piece of social work in modern times ''.

Critically invisible, modern revolt, like X-rays and radioactivity, is perceived only by its effects at more materialistic social levels, where it is called delinquency.

They range from the Soviet Embassy on Sixteenth Street, a gray shuttered pile suggesting a funeral-accessories display house, to what Congressman Rooney has called `` that monstrosity on Thirty-fourth Street '', the modern cement-and-glass chancery of the Belgians.

The Drexel collection, called Composite, to be shown by Titche's offers a realistic approach to decorating, a mature modern that is a variation of many designs.

Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field ," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called " fieldwork.

Franz Boas, one of the pioneers of modern anthropology, often called the " Father of American Anthropology "

Accordingly the modern study of marine and freshwater algae is called either phycology or algology, depending on whether the Greek or Latin root is used.

Van Vogt was always interested in the idea of all-encompassing systems of knowledge ( akin to modern meta-systems ) -- the characters in his very first story used a system called ' Nexialism ' to analyze the alien's behaviour, and he became interested in the General Semantics of Alfred Korzybski.

The automatic flour mill built by Oliver Evans in 1785 was called the beginning of modern bulk material handling by Roe ( 1916 ).

) Like the central processing unit ( CPU ) in a modern computer, the mill would rely upon its own internal procedures, to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating drums called " barrels ", to carry out some of the more complex instructions the user's program might specify.

Since this picture was first developed by Ernst Stueckelberg, and acquired its modern form in Feynman's work, it is called the Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation of antiparticles to honor both scientists.

A distinctive West Arabic variant of the symbols begins to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, called ghubar (" sand-table " or " dust-table ") numerals, which are the direct ancestor of the modern Western Arabic numerals used throughout the world.

Including an account of the most famous archers of ancient and modern times ; with some curious particulars in the life of Robert Fitz-Ooth Earl of Huntington, vulgarly called Robin Hood .... York: printed for E. Hargrove, bookseller, Knaresbro ' ( later editions: York, 1845 and facsimile reprint, London: Tabard Press, 1970 )

With the withdrawal of these states, a congress was called on the holy island of Delos to institute a new alliance to continue the fight against the Persians ; hence the modern designation " Delian League ".

There, a small peninsular area is still called " Angeln " today and is formed as a triangle drawn roughly from modern Flensburg on the Flensburger Fjord to the City of Schleswig and then to Maasholm, on the Schlei inlet.

In modern firearms terminology this is often called a " New York reload " after the practice of New York Police Department officers carrying second ( and even third ) guns as backup.

It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which is called the Byzantine Empire by modern historians.

The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically ( and possibly pejoratively in English ) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text ( also called the Tanakh or Miqra ) and most modern Protestant Bibles.

These were held in a powerful fortress called Genucla ( Isaccea, near modern Tulcea, Rom., in the Danube delta region ), controlled by Zyraxes, the local Getan petty king.

Under his command, a modern update of the doctrinal system called Bewegungskrieg (" maneuver warfare ") and its associated leadership system called Auftragstaktik (" mission tactics "; i. e., units are assigned missions ; local commanders decide how to achieve those missions ) was developed, which was a critical advantage and a major reason for the success of blitzkrieg.

Guderian expressed a hearty contempt for General Ludwig Beck, chief of the General Staff from 1935 to 1938, whom he characterized as hostile to ideas of modern mechanised warfare: quoting Guderian " He was a paralyzing element wherever he appeared .... ignificantly of his way of thought was his much-boosted method of fighting which he called delaying defense ".

In Czech, the region since the early Middle Ages has been called only Čechy (" Czech ") or Království české (" Czech Kingdom "), and its mainly Czech-speaking inhabitants were called Čechové ( in modern Czech Češi ).