The use of the macron is widespread in modern Māori, although sometimes the trema mark is used instead ( for example, " Mäori " instead of " Māori ") if the macron is not available for technical reasons.

For native peoples like the Māori in New Zealand, there is conflict between the fluid identity assumed as part of modern society and the traditional identity with the obligations that accompany it ; the loss of language heightens the feeling of isolation and damages the ability to perpetuate tradition.

The treaty between the British Crown and Māori made New Zealand colony and is considered the founding point of modern New Zealand.

Māori always had a high birth rate ; that was neutralized by a high death rate until modern public health measures became effective in the 20th century when tuberculosis deaths and infant mortality declined sharply.

Many Māori served in the Second World War and learned how to cope in the modern urban world ; others moved from their rural homes to the cities to take up jobs vacated by Pākehā servicemen.

Speakers of modern Māori generally report that they find the languages of the Cook Islands, including Rarotongan, the easiest other Polynesian languages to understand and converse in.

The modern Maori name for Saturday, rahoroi, literally means " washing-day "-a vestige of early colonized life when Māori converts would set aside time on the Saturday to wash their whites for Church on Sunday.

Māori academic Dr Ranginui Walker, in a detailed letter to the Waikato Times, said that in the modern age a taniwha was the manifestation of a coping mechanism for some Māori.

Prior to the arrival of Māori settlers in the 13th century, much of the modern Canterbury region was covered in scrub and beech forests.

His works deal with Māori life in the modern world, often incorporating fantastic elements.

Since the development of the modern gunfighter pā ( Māori fortress ), British forces found it difficult to capture the occupants or cause a decisive defeat, as Māori would abandon the pā at the point of defeat.

Local usage in New Zealand uses the term to distinguish those who have emigrated from one of these areas in modern times from the indigenous New Zealand Māori ( who are also Polynesian but arrived in New Zealand many centuries earlier ), and from other ethnic groups.

Fox was widely believed to have converted to support of the Māori, although many modern historians claim that his opposition to land seizure was due to a pragmatic wish to avoid war, not a change of philosophy.

The situation is identical to that of native New Zealand Māori, modern H. sapiens, who also rarely threw objects, but used spears and clubs instead.

Southern Māori oral tradition tells of five successively arriving peoples and while the earliest, Kahui Tipua, appear to be fairy folk modern anthropological opinion is that nevertheless they represent historical people who have become encrusted with legend.

Kati Mamoe ( Ngāti Mamoe in modern standard Māori ) arrived in the late 16th century.

Kai Tahu ( Ngāi Tahu in modern standard Māori ) came about a hundred years later.

Sealers used the harbour from about this time, probably anchoring off Wellers ' Rock, modern Otakou, where there was an extensive Māori settlement or settlements.

The experience in combat with modern weaponry given by the Musket Wars may help explain why Māori fared far better in the later New Zealand Land Wars than did most tribal peoples.

The area includes over 500 sites with traces of Māori rock art, particularly in the rock overhangs and caves of the Opuha and Opihi river valleys, to the west of modern day Timaru.

In some modern Polynesian societies, notably that of the Māori of New Zealand, the marae is still a vital part of everyday life.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

The Hindi alphabet must represent both Sanskrit and modern vocabulary, and so has been expanded to 58 with the khutma letters ( letters with a dot added ) to represent sounds from Persian and English.

The Greek alphabet evolved into the modern western alphabets, such as Latin and Cyrillic, while Aramaic became the ancestor of many modern abjads and abugidas of Asia.

The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant, since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems use a script that can be traced back to it, as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems of Central and East Asia.

Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.

The use of " Χ ," derived from Chi, the Greek alphabet initial, as an abbreviation for Christ ( most commonly in the abbreviation " Χmas ") is often misinterpreted as a modern secularization of the term.

He proposed a reform of the Latin alphabet by the addition of three new letters, two of which served the function of the modern letters W and Y.

D ( named dee ) is the fourth letter in the basic modern Latin alphabet.

There are two families of manual alphabets used for representing the Latin alphabet in the modern world.

The most widely used modern descendant is the American manual alphabet.

Ancient epichoric variants of the Greek alphabet from Euboea, Ionia, Athens and Ancient Corinth | Corinth comparing to modern Greek.

The modern Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form.

In missals, the Glagolitic script was eventually replaced with the Latin alphabet, but the use of the Slavic language in the Mass continued, until replaced by the modern vernacular languages.

It is on this basis that the modern " alphabet " classification schemes are based.

While the bit patterns of the 95 printable ASCII characters are sufficient to exchange information in modern English, most other languages that use the Latin alphabet need additional symbols not covered by ASCII, such as ß ( German ), ñ ( Spanish ), å ( Swedish and other Nordic languages ) and ő ( Hungarian ).

Although modern technology has allowed classicists to view much of the effaced material, plays beginning in letters early in the alphabet have very poor texts ( e. g. the end of Aulularia and start of Bacchides are lost ), plays with letters in the middle of the alphabet have decent texts, while only traces survive of the play Vidularia.

* Turkey switches from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.

Kanji (; ) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters ( hanzi ) that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana ( ひらがな, ), katakana ( カタカナ, ), Hindu numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet.

The Atbash cipher for the modern Hebrew alphabet would be:

The modern Ukrainian alphabet is the result of a number of proposed alphabetic reforms from the 19th and early 20th centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian Empire, in Austrian Galicia, and later in Soviet Ukraine.

As with all single alphabet substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher is easily broken and in modern practice offers essentially no communication security.