The Sultan is in the company of five other deposed European monarchs, and he tells Candide, who initially doubts his credentials:

The present concept of constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where it was the democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the prime minister, who had become those who exercised power, with the monarchs voluntarily ceding it and contenting themselves with the titular position.

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was one of those monarchs who found himself excommunicated.

El Cid's own marriage and those of his daughters raised his status by connecting him to the peninsular royalty ; even today, most European monarchs and many commoners of European ancestry descend from El Cid, through Cristina's son, King García Ramírez of Navarre and to a lesser extent via a granddaughter Jimena of Barcelona, who married into the Counts of Foix.

There apparently was also another daughter, princess Tachibana, who in turn is recorded to have become a wife of Senka and mother of princess Iwahime, who herself became a consort of Kimmei and bore Bidatsu, a future monarch and lineal ancestor of current monarchs of Japan.

This brought his artistic talents to the attention of the Spanish monarchs who later would give him access to the royal court.

It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover — George I of Great Britain, George II of Great Britain, George III of the United Kingdom, and George IV of the United Kingdom — who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830.

Some monarchs even claimed divine ancestry, such as Egyptian pharaohs and Sapa Incas, who claimed descent from their respective sun gods and often maintained this bloodline by practicing incestuous marriage.

By tradition, deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated are allowed to use their monarchical titles as a courtesy for the rest of their lives.

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the monarchs tried to establish chivalric orders but the hereditary lords who controlled the Union did not agree and managed to ban such assemblies.

For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820.

Since medieval times monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government.

" Their Majesties " referred to were William and Mary, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs.

In the early 8th century BC, however, Kush emerged as an independent kingdom ruled from Napata by an aggressive line of monarchs who slowly extended their influence into Egypt.

The penalty was used by later monarchs against people who could reasonably be called traitors, although most modern jurists would call it excessive.

Thomas Jefferson, who felt that the procedure resembled the Speech from the Throne delivered by British monarchs, chose instead to send written messages to Congress for reading by clerks.

The two Bourbon monarchs were also joined by Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, who hoped to secure gains from the Austrian Duchies of Milan and Mantua.

Not only is the language of Rohan actually represented as the Mercian dialect of Old English, but a number of its kings are given the same names as monarchs who appear in the Mercian royal genealogy, e. g. Fréawine, Fréaláf and Éomer ( see List of kings of the Angles ).

Although the Anglo-Saxon monarchs are known to have rewarded their loyal subjects with rings and other symbols of favour, it was the Normans who introduced knighthoods as part of their feudal government.

** Norman dynasty, a series of monarchs who ruled England and / or Normandy

Although in the United Kingdom there is no strict legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the Royal Family, and different lists will include different people, those carrying the style Her or His Majesty ( HM ), or Her or His Royal Highness ( HRH ) are always considered members, which usually results in the application of the term to the monarch, the consort of the monarch, the widowed consorts of previous monarchs, the children of the monarch and previous monarchs, the male-line grandchildren of the monarch and previous monarchs, and the spouses and the widows of a monarch's and previous monarch's sons and male-line grandsons.

With the Hanoverian accession in Britain onwards, monarchs saw their powers pass further to their ministers, and Royal neutrality in politics became cemented from around the start of the reign of Queen Victoria ( though she had her personal favorites ) and enlargements to the franchise.

Particularly since hardliners among the monarchs were the main adversaries, demands for freedom of the press and other liberal rights were most often uttered in connection with the demand for a united Germany, even though many revolutionaries-to-be had different opinions whether a republic or a constitutional monarchy would be the best solution for Germany.

Suiko was also one of the first Buddhist monarchs in Japan and had taken the vows of a nun shortly before becoming empress.

* The Netherlands historically had officials called stadholders and stadholders-general, titles meaning " lieutenant " or " governor ", originally for the Habsburg monarchs.

In David Hume's History of England, he tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after the Magna Carta, the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted:

Later monarchs whose inscriptions have appeared on the high city include Shalmaneser I and Tiglath-Pileser I, both of whom were active builders in Assur ( Ashur ); the former had founded Calah ( Nimrud ).

In his first audience with the Ambassadors of France and Spain, he warned the Ambassadors that their monarchs should keep the peace that had been agreed upon, and that if they did not, not only would they be sent Nuncios and Legates, but that the Pope himself would come and admonish them.

John Calvin did not call for the abolition of monarchy, but he advanced the doctrine that the faithful had the right to overthrow irreligious monarchs.

Certainly, in the course of his career Holmes had worked for both the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe ( including his own ) and various wealthy aristocrats and industrialists and had also been consulted by impoverished pawnbrokers and humble governesses on the lower rungs of society.

Sovereignty reemerged as a concept in the late 16th century, a time when civil wars had created a craving for stronger central authority, when monarchs had begun to gather power into their own hands at the expense of the nobility, and the modern nation state was emerging.

Although previously separate states, England and Scotland had shared monarchs since 1603 when James VI of Scotland become James I of England on the death of the childless Elizabeth I, an event known as the Union of the Crowns.

However, France had permanently broken the threat of encirclement by Habsburg powers and France and Spain, both under Bourbon monarchs, remained allies during the following years.

When Mary asked him whether subjects had a right to resist their ruler, he replied that if monarchs exceeded their lawful limits, they might be resisted, even by force.

For her second consort Tamar chose, in 1191, the Alan prince David Soslan, by whom she had two children, George and Rusudan, the two successive monarchs on the throne of Georgia.

In addition to their national royal styles, many monarchs had ' treaty styles ' to distinguish one monarch from another in international settings.

The European phenomenon of equal primogeniture has doomed the security that the Bourbon monarchs once had.

The earlier monarchs, Henry VIII and Edward VI, had forced the people to accept debased coinage by means of their legal tender laws.

The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen's use of " Elizabeth II ", on the grounds that there had never been an " Elizabeth I " in Scotland.

Sometimes, Roman numerals are still used for enumeration of lists ( as an alternative to alphabetical enumeration ), for sequential volumes, to differentiate monarchs or family members with the same first names, and ( in lower case ) to number pages in prefatory material in books.

It was the difficulty in using the longbow which led various monarchs of England to issue instructions encouraging their ownership and practice, including the Assize of Arms of 1252 and King Edward III's declaration of 1363: " Whereas the people of our realm, rich and poor alike, were accustomed formerly in their games to practise archery – whence by God's help, it is well known that high honour and profit came to our realm, and no small advantage to ourselves in our warlike enterprises ... that every man in the same country, if he be able-bodied, shall, upon holidays, make use, in his games, of bows and arrows ... and so learn and practise archery.

Currently, the husband of a queen regnant is usually titled prince or prince consort, whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent of their husbands ' title — the same as is used when a female mounts the throne in her own right, such as empress or queen.

Although the British monarchs styled " Emperor of India " were also called " Kaisar-i-Hind " in Hindi and Urdu, this word, although ultimately sharing the same Latin origin, is derived from the Greek Kaisar, not the German Kaiser.

In sharp contrast to Bossuet, who, when tutor to the Dauphin had written Politique tirée de l ' Écriture sainte which affirmed the divine foundations of absolute monarchy while at the same exercising the future king to use restraint and wisdom in exercising his absolute power, in Telemachus, Fénelon went so far as to write " Good kings are rare and the generality of monarchs bad " ( p. 254 ).

At the same time, the king's failed escape attempt alarmed many other European monarchs, who feared that the revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries and result in instability outside France.

Too often we forget to look at his compositions for other monarchs ; several of Tallis's anthems written in Edward's reign such as his If ye love me, ought to be considered on the same level as his Elizabethan works.

Under a hereditary monarchy, all the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member to another member of the family.

The motto was created by Antonio de Nebrija and was either an allusion to the Gordian Knot: Tanto monta, monta tanto, cortar como desatar (" It's one and the same, cutting or untying "), or an explanation of the equality of the monarchs: Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando (" It's one and the same, Isabella the same as Ferdinand ")

Prof Prasoet Na Nakhon of the Royal Institute speculates that this event was one in a tradition of Thai-Ahom's monarchs of planting banyan or sugar palm tree on the coronation day in the belief that their reign would achieve the same stature as the tree.

In many respects, Amin's government in the 1970s resembled the governments of nineteenth-century African monarchs, with the same problems of enforcing orders at a distance, controlling rival factions at court, and rewarding loyal followers with plunder.

At last they resorted to the same soundless weapon, poison which used to be applied by the cunning monarchs quite often to eliminate their opponents or suspects.

Philippe Couplet's ( 1623 – 1693 ) " Chronological table of Chinese monarchs " ( Tabula chronologica monarchiae sinicae ; 1686 ) also gave the same date for the Yellow Emperor.

The charter was enacted May 14, 1692, by William and Mary, the joint monarchs of England and Scotland, at the same time that the Province of Massachusetts Bay was created.

While era names as such are not used in many monarchies, sometimes periods of time are named after a monarch ( usually long-lived ), or a succession of monarchs of the same name.

The main use is now actually not on the head ( indeed, many people entitled to a coronet never have one made ; the same even applies to some monarchs ' crowns, as in Belgium ) but as a rank symbol in heraldry, adorning a coat of arms.

Unlike most other dynasties in Europe, where a numeral is used to distinguish different monarchs who shared the same given name, the House of Obrenović assigned a subsequent numeral to each ruling monarch.

The Scottish monarchs ' family tree covers the same period in Scotland and also precedes the British monarchs ' family tree.

However, the King refused to recognise Caroline as Queen, and commanded British ambassadors to ensure that monarchs in foreign courts did the same.

The nine-month-old baby Henry VI of England was crowned King of England on 31 August 1422 and king of France on 21 October the same year and was to actually reign, rather than simply claim to be king of France as had many Plantagenet monarchs during the Hundred Years ' War.