** Microevolution: species — speciation — adaptation — selection — natural selection — directional selection — sexual selection — genetic drift — sexual reproduction — asexual reproduction — colony — allele frequency — neutral theory of molecular evolution — population genetics — Hardy-Weinberg principle

Carnivory was a natural transition from insectivory for medium and large tetrapods, requiring minimal adaptation ( in contrast, a complex set of adaptations was necessary for feeding on highly fibrous plant materials ).

Evolutionary concepts on adaptation and natural selection became cornerstones of modern ecological theory.

As a result of the relatively simple and easy-to-understand circumstances of the adaptation, the peppered moth has become a common example used in explaining or demonstrating natural selection to laypeople and classroom students.

With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, now the unifying concept of the life sciences.

John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order ; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions.

In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial " design " by the Creator acting through natural laws.

As the adaptation found in natural organisms seems to be both complex and achieves a purpose, Paley reasons that this must be evidence of divine design.

# Global Change and Sustainable Development, Climate change — adaptation and mitigation, Ecological health and biodiversity, New risk and vulnerabilities, Sustainable land, agriculture and natural resources management, Green economy.

They may be another case of genetic manipulation, or a natural adaptation.

* Gaussian adaptation ( normal or natural adaptation, abbreviated NA to avoid confusion with GA ) is intended for the maximisation of manufacturing yield of signal processing systems.

However, an intermediate form of selective breeding, wherein animals or plants are bred by humans, but with an eye to adaptation to natural region-specific conditions and an acceptance of natural selection to weed out undesirable traits, created many ancient domesticated breeds or types now known as landraces.

This phenomenon supports the " Red Queen hypothesis — which states that interactions between species ( such as host and parasites ) lead to constant natural selection for adaptation and counter adaptation.

In his popular books, he has argued that language is an " instinct " or biological adaptation shaped by natural selection.

In it he introduced the science of language and popularized Noam Chomsky's theory that language is an innate faculty of mind, with the twist that this faculty evolved by natural selection as a Darwinian adaptation for communication ( both ideas remain controversial ; see below ).

Carnivory was a natural transition from insectivory for medium and large tetrapods, requiring minimal adaptation.

The notion of causality as constraint has also been explored as a way to shed light on scientific concepts such as self-organization, natural selection, adaptation, and control.

Phenotypic diversification is also observed following polyploidization and / or hybridization in fungi, producing the fuel for natural selection and subsequent adaptation and speciation.

The reasons for failure are not often known but may include the release of too few individuals, poor adaptation of the natural enemy to environmental conditions at the release location, and lack of synchrony between the life cycle of the natural enemy and host pest.

Normally, the child gains from the experience of frustration during the transitional phase, although the infant can be disturbed by a close adaptation to need that is continued too long or is not allowed its natural decrease.

Vilas County residents massed in angry throngs to interfere with Native Americans who had gained recognition for their natural resource management jurisdiction off of a federal ethnic reservation, throwing rocks and trying to capsize boats from which families gathered their annual quota of fish.

When the ball lands near them, Ray throws it back ; a surprised Jerry then comments on his natural throwing ability ( and possible future in sports ), much to Dorothy's dismay.

Billy Wagner was a natural right-handed pitcher in his youth, but after breaking his throwing arm twice, he taught himself how to use his left arm by throwing nothing but fastballs against a barn wall.

Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression.

Hébert set up a " méthode naturelle " ( natural method ) session consisting of ten fundamental groups: walking, running, jumping, quadrupedal movement, climbing, balancing, throwing, lifting, self-defense, swimming, which are part of three main forces: During World War I and World War II, Hébert's teaching continued to expand, becoming the standard system of French military education and training.

Savage injured his natural ( right ) throwing shoulder after a collision at home plate, and he learned to throw with his left arm instead.

A natural at throwing parties with little or no resources he soon began to rise in New York's party scene.

It is not typically a natural style of throwing — it is often a learned style — and because the vast majority of pitchers use an overarm motion, most young pitchers are encouraged to throw overhand.

This culminates in a passage bringing together Laurence Binyon's dictum slowness is beauty, the San Ku, or three sages, figures from the Chou King who are responsible for the balance between heaven and earth, Jacques de Molay, the golden section, a room in the church of St. Hilaire, Poitiers built to that rule where one can stand without throwing a shadow, Mencius on natural phenomena, the 17th-century English mystic John Heydon ( who Pound remembered from his days working with Yeats ) and other images relating to the worship of light including "' MontSegur, sacred to Helios ".

According to Joseph Jordania rhythmically organized loud group singing / shouting in dissonant harmonies, together with threatening body movements, drumming on external objects, body painting and object throwing were developed by the forces of natural selection in the early stages of hominid evolution, in order to defend hominids against the big African predators ( big cats, sabretooth tigers ) after they descended from the relatively safe tree branches to the predator-infested ground.

Standard class involves very basic instruction in carving, building a primitive shelter, safe procurement and treatment of water, various fire-making techniques such as bowdrill, mouth-drill and hand-drill, making cordage ( rope ) from natural materials, trap-building, flint-knapping, camouflage, stalking, brain tanning, cooking, plant studies, throwing stick handling, awareness and tracking.

There is a pollution of the river, people are throwing garbage at its creek or on the water, and even poultry and piggeries near the river are contaminating the natural habitat of its environment.

He sneaks away with Locke and Boone, and exhibits a natural talent in knife throwing.

Playing in seven games, Ray was a natural at the Arena game, throwing 25 touchdowns as opposed to only six interceptions for a total of 1, 296 yards.

As a two-stroke diesel engine is incapable of natural aspiration as defined above, some method of charging the cylinders with scavenging air must be integrated into the engine design.

By 1940 it featured natural color photographs of the stars and was charging 15 cents per issue.

These models have been formulated in detail and include Awqaf for the funding of social welfare institutions, mosques and other public facilities ; markets governed by rules such as the prohibition of charging rent for market-space ; guilds as the natural form of professional organisation ; and caravans, representing the movement of goods from point of purchase to point of sale as opposed to monopoly distribution.

The difficulty appears when there is no natural choice of elements from each set.

He appears to have lacked the natural charisma of his brother and father.

Most significantly, Honduras lacks abundant natural resources ; only land appears to be plentiful and readily exploitable.

Although a complete theory of evolution also requires an account of how genetic variation arises in the first place ( such as by mutation and sexual reproduction ) and includes other evolutionary mechanisms ( such as genetic drift and gene flow ), natural selection appears to be the most important mechanism for creating complex adaptations in nature.

Coke's discussion of natural law appears in his report of Calvin's Case ( 1608 ): " The law of nature is that which God at the time of creation of the nature of man infused into his heart, for his preservation and direction.

Though small, this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects.

Rousseau appears to have believed " that natural association is based on reciprocally free and equal respect between people.

Judith Butler, in works such as Gender Trouble and Undoing Gender, contends that being female is not " natural " and that it appears natural only through repeated performances of gender ; these performances in turn, reproduce and define the traditional categories of sex and / or gender.

Although the four aims have equal status, in accordance with the Sandford Principle, the first aim ( conservation and enhancement of the natural and cultural heritage ) is to be given greater weight when it appears to the park authority that there is irreconcilable conflict with the other aims.

Pope presents an idea on his view on the Universe ; he says that no matter how imperfect, complex, inscrutable and disturbing the Universe appears to be, it functions in a rational fashion according to the natural laws.

Named for a pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus ( Jesuit Order ), the Mission is also known as the " place where the water appears ," as there were once natural springs in the area.

The first section appears to describe the natural world, dealing with flora, fauna, and physics.

Much of Mary's body is concealed by her monumental drapery, and the relationship of the figures appears quite natural.

The roc appears in Arabic geographies and natural history, popularized in Arabian fairy tales and sailors ' folklore.

Some disciplines, in particular within evolutionary biology, are still prone to use language that appears teleological when they describe natural tendencies towards certain end conditions ; but these arguments can almost always be rephrased in non-teleological forms.

He also claims that Charun appears to love violence and participates in warfare adding that Charun enjoys natural disasters as well.

The lake, which is the largest natural lake in northwest Indiana, appears to have formed from glacial meltwaters.

Although this appears shortsighted in retrospect, it is important to realize that communications had been perceived as a natural monopoly for almost a century — indeed, in much of the world, telephone networks were then and still are explicitly operated as a government monopoly.

The interior space of the torus itself is used as living space, and is large enough that a " natural " environment can be simulated ; the torus appears similar to a long, narrow, straight glacial valley whose ends curve upward and eventually meet overhead to form a complete circle.

This appears man made but is thought to be of natural origin.

It appears young families are also rediscovering gardens as a place where children can grow up within a more natural environment.

The standard scientific models gives an explanation for what appears to be paranormal phenomena is usually a misinterpretation, misunderstanding, or anomalous variation of natural phenomena, rather than an actual paranormal phenomenon.

That is why we can call it the programmed society, because this phrase captures its capacity to create models of management, production, organization, distribution, and consumption, so that such a society appears, at all its functional levels, as the product of an action exercised by the society itself, and not as the outcome of natural laws or cultural specificities " ( Touraine 1988: 104 ).