On this basis, certain extreme kinds of networks will be discussed for illustrative purposes.

He said that on his tour the preceding year a considerable number of hours would have been available to him on Japanese radio networks, but that he had then lacked the funds to contract for them.

He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the City during his reign.

The space allows students to meet, work and join new networks and collaborative enterprises while taking advantage of ASU ’ s many resources and opportunities for engagement.

AppleTalk included a number of features that allowed local area networks to be connected with no prior setup or the need for a centralized router or server of any sort.

PhoneNet allowed AppleTalk networks to be connected together using normal phone wires, even existing runs already being used for phones.

On larger networks where AARP could cause problems as new nodes searched for free addresses, the addition of a router could reduce " chattiness.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) is, according to the ATM Forum, " a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU ( formerly CCITT ) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals ," and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks.

As tactical data networks become pervasive they will provide any connected soldier with a means for reporting target information and requesting artillery fire.

Active Directory ( AD ) is a directory service created by Microsoft for Windows domain networks.

As part of the introduction of mobile phone competition in Australia, the Australian government mandated GSM as the new standard for mobile networks, and required that Telstra close the AMPS network by 2000.

He first gained media attention for breaking into several high-profile computer networks, including those of The New York Times, Yahoo !, and Microsoft, culminating in his 2003 arrest.

The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, public transportation networks and a high quality of living.

Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances ( using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400 – 2480 MHz ) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks ( PANs ) with high levels of security.

A Bootstrapping Server Function ( BSF ) is an intermediary element in cellular networks which provides application independent functions for mutual authentication of user equipment and servers unknown to each other and for ' bootstrapping ' the exchange of secret session keys afterwards.

Functional genomic and metagenomic approaches are increasing our understanding of the relative importance of different pathways and regulatory networks to carbon flux in particular environments and for particular compounds and they will certainly accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes.

Distribution networks were improved and increased, and an incentive program was developed for sales staff.

Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i. e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.

A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character from a given repertoire with something else — such as a bit pattern, sequence of natural numbers, octets, or electrical pulses — in order to facilitate the transmission of data ( generally numbers or text ) through telecommunication networks or for data storage.

Not discussed here are some military problems of modern times such as undersea warfare, where the surveillance, sending, transmitting, and receiving are all so inadequate that networks and decision making are not the bottlenecks.

Precedence dialing is still done on the military phone networks, but using number combinations ( Example: Entering 93 before a number is a priority call ) rather than the separate tones and the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service has superseded Autovon for any civilian priority telco access.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, DARPA operated a number of terrestrial and satellite packet radio networks connected to the ARPANET at various military and government installations.

Following Yarborough's recommendations, the Colombian military recruited civilians into paramilitary " civil defense " groups which worked alongside the military in its counter-insurgency campaign, as well as in civilian intelligence networks to gather information on guerrilla activity.

Complex military and commercial communications networks were built using this technology.

Radiotelegraphy continued to be used for point-to-point business, governmental, and military communication, and evolved into radioteletype networks.

An acoustic coupler is prominently shown early in the 1983 film " WarGames ", when character David Lightman ( depicted by actor Matthew Broderick ) places a telephone handset into the cradle of a film prop acoustic modem to accentuate the act of using telephone lines for interconnection to the developing computer networks of the period, in this case, a military command computer.

Similarly, shortwave utility listeners have documented frequency and callsign lists for many nations ' military and guard units, as well as networks operated by oil exploration and production companies and public utilities in many countries.

ALE radio communication systems for both HF regional area networks and HF interoperability communications are in service among emergency and disaster relief agencies as well as military and guard forces.

COMSEC is used to protect both classified and unclassified traffic on military communications networks, including voice, video, and data.

A number of large private telephone networks are not connected to the PSTN, and are used for military purposes ( such as the Defense Switched Network ).

Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of geography, particularly those involving the spread of diseases ( epidemiology ), the practice of commerce and military planning ( logistics ), and the development of efficient spatial networks.

However, the uprising was predominantly led by community councils led by Hanan Ashrawi, Faisal Husseini and Haidar Abdel-Shafi, that promoted independent networks for education ( underground schools as the regular schools were closed by the military in reprisal for the uprising ), medical care, and food aid.

This information is important to the operation of military and civilian radio wave and satellite communication and navigation systems, as well as electric power networks, and to the mission of geophysical explorers, Shuttle and Space Station astronauts, high-altitude aviators, and scientific researchers.

Although concerned with research into military psychology, and particularly combat stress and how it affect troop morale, often the bulk of military science activities is directed at the military intelligence technology, military communications and improving military capability through research, design, development and prototyping of weapons, military support equipment, and military technology in general that includes everything from global communication networks and aircraft carriers to paint and food.

The same principle of `` redundancy '' applies to all communications on these special networks.

The earliest descriptions of a global communications network came long before the World Wide Web entered popular awareness, though not before traditional science-fiction writers such as Arthur C. Clarke and some social commentators such as James Burke began predicting that such networks would eventually form.

In some areas the communications may be by amateur radio, FRS, GMRS or MURS radio, dedicated telephone or fire-alarm networks.

* Infrastructure Technology Outsourcing ( ITO )-includes maintaining the operation of part or all of a client's computer and communications infrastructure, such as networks, mainframes, " midrange " and Web servers, desktops and laptops, and printers.

Ghana's transportation and communications networks are centered in the southern regions, especially the areas in which gold, cocoa, and timber are produced.

The deterioration of the country's transportation and communications networks has been blamed for impeding the distribution of economic inputs and food as well as the transport of crucial exports.

The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and similar networks, and generally the most popular protocol stack for wide area networks.

Its business and government customers consisted mainly of wireless voice and broadband systems ( used to build private networks ), and, public safety communications systems like Astro and Dimetra.

The Extended Edition of 1. 1, sold only through IBM sales channels, introduced distributed database support to IBM database systems and SNA communications support to IBM mainframe networks.

OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting, DSL broadband internet access, wireless networks, and 4G mobile communications.

This attack may seem to be difficult to implement in practice, but it is not impossible when using insecure media ( e. g. public networks, such as the Internet or wireless forms of communications )-for example, a malicious staff member at Alice or Bob's Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) might find it quite easy to carry out.

Since radio circuits inherently possess a broadcast network topology ( i. e., many or all nodes are connected to the network simultaneously ), one of the first technical challenges faced in the implementation of packet radio networks was a means to control access to a shared communications channel.

RCA maintained its high standards of engineering excellence in broadcast engineering and satellite communications equipment, but ventures such as the NBC radio and television networks declined.

In IPTV networks, the set-top box is a small computer providing two-way communications on an IP network and decoding the video streaming media.

The telephone network, consisting of a worldwide net of telephone lines, fiberoptic cables, microwave transmission, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables connected by switching centers, allows any telephone in the world to communicate with any other.

* In some communications systems, such as satellite networks, only a finite number of channels may be available to a given user at a given time.

* Leased line and radioteletype networks arranged in point-to-point and / or multipoint configurations to support data processing applications for government and industry such as integrating the accounting, billing, management, production, purchasing, sales, shipping and receiving departments within an organization to speed internal communications.

Some examples of usage include cellular phones which are part of everyday wireless networks, allowing easy personal communications.

** Broadcast media, communications delivered over mass electronic communication networks