Moreover, the Roman Republic's ability to attract private investments in the war effort to fund ships and crews was one of the deciding factors of the war, particularly when contrasted with the Carthaginian nobility's apparent unwillingness to risk their fortunes for the common war effort.

In less than a century, the nobility's share of Swedish land ownership rose from 16 % to over 60 %, which led to considerably lower tax revenue for the crown.

The passage of a law that required the peasants to defend the châteaux that were emblems of their oppression was the immediate cause of the spontaneous uprising ; it was particularly onerous as many common people already blamed the nobility's corruption for the defeat at Poitiers.

Marienburg gain its independence from the Empire with great interest ) and the Rooster and Kettle ( who deal in firearms in most of the Kingdom and, given the nobility's disdain for blackpowder, have few competitors-outside of the Brethren-in its use ).

There was, however, evidence of " rational-legal authority " in the nobility's respect for laws such as the Pacta conventa.

Cesare Balbo says that, if the happiness of the masses consists in peace without industry, if the nobility's consists in titles without power, if princes are satisfied by acquiescence in their rule without real independence, without sovereignty, if literary men and artists are content to write, paint and build with the approbation of their contemporaries, but to the contempt of posterity, if a whole nation is happy in ease without dignity and the tranquil progress of corruption, then no period ever was so happy for Italy as the 140 years from the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis to the War of the Spanish Succession.

The mudéjars ( Muslims ) were seen as allies of the aristocracy, as they worked in the nobility's large farms and undercut the Valencians on wages making them competitors for scarce jobs.

Diverging interests ( especially the Swedish nobility's dissatisfaction over the dominant role played by Denmark and Holstein ) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper the union in several intervals from the 1430s until its breakup in 1523 when Gustav Vasa became king of Sweden.

* Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg reconfirms the nobility's freedom from taxation and its unlimited control over the peasants.

Hamilton, have pointed out that concern over the two men's sexuality was not at the core of the nobility's grievances, which rather centred on Gaveston's exclusive access to royal patronage.

Governments ' involvement in trade had an impact on the nobility of western European nations, because increased wealth by non-nobles threatened the nobility's place in society.

The nobility's political privileges were practically abolished by the reformation of the Riksdag of the Estates in 1866, and the last rights of precedence to certain governmental offices were removed in the 1920s.

Historical documents show that, disregarding evidence to the contrary, he and his advisers believed that a revival of the Imperial House's and of the nobility's fortunes was possible, and that the Kamakura's shogunate was the greatest and most obvious of the obstacles.

From that time to the 17th century and especially after the Royal Square ( Place Royale, current place des Vosges ) was designed under King Henri IV in 1605, the Marais was the French nobility's favorite place of residence.

A skilful diplomat, Boris I successfully exploited the conflict between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Papacy to secure an autocephalous Bulgarian Church, thus dealing with the nobility's concerns about Byzantine interference in Bulgaria's internal affairs.

He was a supporter of the French Revolution of 1789, and was elected as an extra deputy to represent the nobility of Montpellier ( in case the government doubled the nobility's delegation ) at the meeting of the Estates-General at Versailles, but since the delegation was not increased he never took his seat.

Hank accepts, and spends the next few years building up 19th-century infrastructure behind the nobility's back.

For example, after the County of Barcelona merged with the Kingdom of Aragon, to create the Crown of Aragon in 1137 through a dynastic union, the system was designed to mutually check both the king's and nobility's powers, while the small but growing numbers of free citizens and bourgeoisie would tactically take sides with the king in order to diminish typically feudal institutions.

The banner was in use until 1815, when the reign of the last king of the Kandyan Kingdom, King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, was brought to an end with the Kandyan nobility's signing of the Kandy convention on 2 March proclaiming King George III as King of Ceylon and replacing the Lion flag with the Union Flag as the national flag of Ceylon.

By 1904 it had become so successful that 1 / 3 of the nobility's land had been bought by peasants.

* 1528: The Polish ( szlachta ) and Lithuanian nobility's legal right to retribution on the grounds of the wounding or killing of a nobleman or a member of his family is extended to the Lipka Tatars.

The nobility's role in warfare was also eroded as the Medieval heavy cavalry lost its central role in battle.

The nobility's constitutional domination of the state made the King very weak and the commoners ( burgesses and peasants ) almost entirely unrepresented in the Commonwealth's political system.

The Dörbets nobility's 15, 000 subjects included Bayids and a small number of Khotongs.

The defensive war fought by the forces of the Commonwealth ended when the King, convinced of the futility of resistance, capitulated by joining the Targowica Confederation.

Catherine the Great extended Russian political control over the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth with actions including the support of the Targowica Confederation, although the cost of her campaigns, on top of the oppressive social system that required lords ' serfs to spend almost all of their time laboring on the lords ' land, provoked a major peasant uprising in 1773, after Catherine legalized the selling of serfs separate from land.

In the War in Defense of the Constitution, pro-Russian conservative Polish magnates, the Confederation of Targowica, fought against Polish forces supporting the constitution, believing that Russians would help them restore the Golden Liberty.

On May 14, 1792, conservative magnates created the Targowica Confederation, which asked Russian Tsarina Catherine II for help in overthrowing the constitution.

But before the nomination arrived at Kościuszko's camp in Sieciechów, on July 24, 1792 the King had betrayed the army by formally announcing his access to the Targowica Confederation and ordered the Polish-Lithuanian armies to cease hostilities against the Russians.

Such an outcome was a giant blow for the members of Targowica Confederation who saw their actions as a defense of centuries-old privileges of the magnates, but now were regarded by the majority of the Polish population as traitors.

The economy was ruined and the support for the cause of an uprising grew significantly, especially since there was no serious opposition to the idea after the Targowica Confederation was discredited.

It was a failed attempt to liberate Poland and Lithuania from Russian influence after the Second Partition of Poland ( 1793 ) and the creation of the Targowica Confederation.

However, after the second partition of Poland, the ruling partisans of Imperial Russia united in the Confederation of Targowica were also weakened.

The Polish – Russian War of 1792 ( also, War of the Second Partition, and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution ()) was fought between the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation ( conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of May 3, 1791 ) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.

The war ended when the King changed his mind about opposing the Russians and joined the pro-Russian Targowica Confederation ( which had been demanded by the Empire all along, as a condition for stopping the warfare ).

Finally the undefeated Polish armies converged on Warsaw and were preparing for a general engagement, when a courier from the capital informed the Commander in Chief that King Stanisław August had acceded to the pro-Russian Targowica Confederation and had pledged the adherence of the Polish Army.

In the War in Defense of the Constitution, the Commonwealth's ally Prussia, under Frederick William II, broke its alliance with the Commonwealth, which was effectively defeated by Catherine the Great's Imperial Russia in alliance with the Targowica Confederation, a coalition of Polish magnates and landless nobility who opposed reforms that might weaken their influence.

Polish contemporary Stanisław Małachowski claimed that Aleksandra von Engelhardt, a niece of Potemkin and wife to Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, a magnate and prominent leader of the Targowica Confederation, also worried for the fate of Poland after the death of the man who had planned to revitalise the state with him as its new head.

After the victory of the Targowica Confederation in 1792 and the consequent overthrow of the May 3 Constitution, Niemcewicz, along with other Patriotic Party members, emigrated to Germany.

The May 3rd Constitution was overthrown in mid-1792, by the Targowica Confederation of Polish magnates backed by Russian Empire and eventually joined, under extreme duress, by King Stanisław II August.

* Targowica Confederation formed by conservatives opposing the Constitution of 3 May ( 1792 – 1793 );

The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the War in Defense of the Constitution and the Targowica Confederation of 1792 and was carried out by the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.

In the War in Defense of the Constitution, the army of the Russian Empire, invited by pro-Russian conservative Polish magnates ' alliance, the Confederation of Targowica, fought against the Polish forces supporting the Constitution.

The King decided to join the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russians.

A vocal opponent of the Targowica Confederation and likely an author of an anonymous anti-Targowica brochure, he was specifically requested by the Russian government to not be involved in the negotiations ; he also refused to join the Targowica Confederation, even after Poniatowski's access to it.