If the heat of vaporization and the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature is known, the normal boiling point can be calculated by using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation thus:

This is a logical dividing line, since the normal boiling points of the so-called permanent gases ( such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air ) lie below − 180 ° C while the Freon refrigerants, hydrogen sulfide, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above − 180 ° C.

A special case is the normal boiling point, where the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the ambient atmospheric pressure.

The pressures encountered at the areas where the water is heated makes the boiling point of the water much higher than at normal atmospheric pressures.

Below its boiling point of 4. 22 kelvins and above the lambda point of 2. 1768 kelvins, the isotope helium-4 exists in a normal colorless liquid state, called helium I.

The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid ( also known as the normal boiling point ) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure.

The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to one atmosphere ( unit ).

It is often measured at the normal boiling point of a substance ; although tabulated values are usually corrected to 298 K, the correction is often smaller than the uncertainty in the measured value.

Although the botulinum toxin is destroyed by thorough cooking over the course of a few minutes, the spore itself is not killed by the temperatures reached with normal sea-level-pressure boiling, leaving it free to grow and again produce the toxin when conditions are right.

The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid ( also known as the normal boiling point ) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure.

It also has the lowest normal boiling point (- 24. 2 ° C ), which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride ( the blue line ) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere ( atm ) of absolute vapor pressure.

Food is cooked at a temperature above the normal boiling point of water, killing most micro-organisms.

At times the solvent is used hydrothermally, i. e. under pressure at temperatures higher than the normal boiling point.

The traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation — essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure and thus a much lower temperature than normal.

Cooking at pressure allows the temperature to rise above the normal boiling point of water ( 100 degrees Celsius at sea level ), which speeds up the cooking and makes it more thorough.

The company's advertisements and brochures explained that air cooling did away with the " radiators, hoses, water pumps and headaches of ' normal ' engine boiling and freezing.

As its boiling point is below room temperature, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and is usually supplied in pressurised steel vessels.

However, Space Pens, developed by Fisher in the United States, combine a more viscous than normal ballpoint pen ink with a gas-pressured piston which forces the ink toward the point.

To sum to zero, the force of the water must point oppositely to the sum of the centrifugal and gravity forces, which means the surface of the water must adjust so its normal points in this direction.

It is not a vector field because it depends not only on the position of a particular material point, but also on the local orientation of the surface element as defined by its normal vector.

This can continue to the point of complete breakdown of normal resistance at a semiconductor junction, and failure of the device ( this may be temporary or permanent depending on whether there is physical damage to the crystal ).

In the future, as morality continues to degenerate, human life will continue to shorten to the point where the normal life span is 10 years, with people reaching sexual maturity at five

" he replied, " They were normal concentration camps, from the point of view of the department of Eichmann.

He then re-calibrated his scale using the melting point of ice and normal human body temperature ( which were at 30 and 90 degrees ); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times ( since 64 is 2 to the sixth power ).

Nonetheless, some argue against this stance because straighter hair ends tend to point downward while fiber optics requires that light be transmitted at a high angle to the normal of the inner reflective surface.

However, the latter chip was necessary in order to provide the FERR signal to the mainboard and appear to function as a normal floating point unit.

Near the beam " waist " ( or focal region ) it is highly collimated: the wavefronts are planar, normal to the direction of propagation, with no beam divergence at that point.

where is a vector normal to the plane, are the coordinates of any point on the plane, and are the coordinates of the origin of the plane.

The latitude of a point on the actual surface is that of the corresponding point on the reference surface, the correspondence being along the normal to the reference surface which passes through the point on the physical surface.

These workers point out that the frequency of serious floods ( i. e. flows > 1000 % of normal ) has increased markedly.

Many web design tutorials also point out that client-side redirecting tends to interfere with the normal functioning of a Web browser's " back " button.

They also give information which will aid in the design of a more satisfactory instrument for the measurement of the normal pressures.

A suggestion Hypothesis also seems inadequate as an explanation for those who shifted their reactions after they were informed of the possibilities of `` normal '' reactions different from those which they gave.

While they were told that there were some normal people who reacted differently than they had, they were also informed that there were other normals who reacted as they had.

The surviving fragments also show that Alexis invented a great deal of words, mostly compound words, that he used normal words in an unusual way, and made strange and unusual forms of common words.

Abzymes are usually artificial constructs, but are also found in normal humans ( anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide autoantibodies ) and in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where they can bind to and hydrolyze DNA.

Besides the normal print book editions, the novel was also included on a CD-ROM sold by ClariNet Communications along with the other nominees for the 1993 Hugo awards.

A similar solution was the 850 kbit / s DaynaTalk, a separate box which plugged in between the computer and a normal LocalTalk / PhoneNet box, and also offered as a PC expansion card that ran up to 1. 7 Mbit / s.

The color memory was also available in the " normal " TRS-80 and CP / M text modes, which meant that existing TRS-80 and CP / M software could be easily modified to add color.

This could be either the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, armour breastplate and pteruges, but also often the specific dress of the bodyguard of the Byzantine Emperor, with a long tunic and the loros, a long gold and jewelled pallium restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards.

These bacteria also secrete proteins that enable the AC-II to enter host cells, where the exogenous AC activity undermines normal cellular processes.

Being single action weapons, they needed to be cocked for each shot, so the rate of fire was also low, and while a shooter could fan his gun, this expended all his shots even faster and made him even more inaccurate than normal.

Double-muscled cows also can experience dystocia, even when bred to normal beef bulls or dairy bulls, because of a narrower birth canal.

* It also describes the variation of the critical magnetic field ( above which the superconductor can no longer expel the field but becomes normal conducting ) with temperature.

It was also suggested that individual genes are likely to have only a small effect and to be involved in some aspect related to the disorder ( and a broad range of " normal " human behavior ) rather than the disorder per se.

Breathy voice ( also called murmured voice, soughing, or susurration ) is a phonation in which the vocal cords vibrate, as they do in normal ( modal ) voicing, but are held further apart, so that a larger volume of air escapes between them.

They are also sometimes denigrated by the general public as being overpaid and publicly overrated compared to a normal worker such as a doctor, police officer or a teacher.

They eat a wide range of material ; in addition to the normal prey of small rodents, reptiles, other amphibians, birds and a range of invertebrates, they also eat plants, dog food and household refuse.

This means that chemotherapy also harms cells that divide rapidly under normal circumstances: cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract, and hair follicles.

The centripetal force can also be supplied as a ' push ' force such as in the case where the normal reaction of a wall supplies the centripetal force for a wall of death rider.

This series of calculators was also noted for a large number of highly counter-intuitive mysterious undocumented features, somewhat similar to " synthetic programming " of the American HP-41, which were exploited by applying normal arithmetic operations to error messages, jumping to non-existent addresses and other techniques.

They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

Moreover, defects can also be defined in amorphous solids based on empty or densely packed local atomic neighbourhoods, and the properties of such ' defects ' can be shown to be similar to normal vacancies and interstitials in crystals ,.

Availability also relates to failure and recovery from it ( see Recovery from failure and disaster below ): Upon failure and during recovery normal availability changes, and special measures are needed to satisfy availability requirements.