No Union soldiers were observed to have ever gotten behind Johnston during the fatal charge, while it is known that many Confederates were firing at the Union lines while Johnston charged well in advance of his soldiers.

In laboratory conditions, the interactions of individual electrons can be observed by means of particle detectors, which allow measurement of specific properties such as energy, spin and charge.

Zeleny ( 1944 ) confirmed these results and observed the corona charge transfer. In capacitors generally, the charge is not stored in the dielectric, but on the inside surfaces of the plates, as can be observed from capacitors that can function with a vacuum between their plates.

When the planes of an ionic bond slide past one another, the resultant change in location shifts ions of the same charge into close proximity, resulting in the cleavage of the crystal ; such shift is not observed in covalently bonded crystals where fracture and crystal fragmentation occurs.

Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable.

Using quantum theory Dirac showed that if magnetic monopoles exist, then one could explain the quantization of electric charge --- that is, why the observed elementary particles carry charges that are multiples of the charge of the electron.

Indeed, magnetic charge has never been observed ( despite extensive searches ) and may not exist.

These strings can oscillate, giving the observed particles their flavor, charge, mass and spin.

This sputtering process is characterized by a strong dependence of the observed sputtering yields on the charge state of the impinging ion and can already take place at ion impact energies well below the physical sputtering threshold.

* Conservation of charge was also realized since charge has never been observed to be created or destroyed, and only found to move from place to place.

Observations of comet C / 1999 S4 ( LINEAR ) with the Chandra satellite in 2000 determined that X-rays observed from that comet were produced predominantly by charge exchange collisions between highly charged carbon oxygen and nitrogen minor ions in the solar wind, and neutral water, oxygen and hydrogen in the comet's coma.

In 1836, Michael Faraday observed that the charge on a charged conductor resided only on its exterior and had no influence on anything enclosed within it.

In particular, a magnetic monopole, the magnetic analogue of an electric charge, has never been observed.

Thus, wavelength ratios observed for different ionic species in the absorption spectra of quasi stellar objects ( QSO or quasars ) place a limit on any variation in the fine-structure constant to less than 1 part in 1 million out to a distance in space ( and time ) of z = 3 ( about 6500 megaparsecs or 11. 5 billion light years ); as the fine-structure constant is determined by the relation between the speed of light ( c ), Planck's constant ( h ) and the electron charge ( e ), these physical constants are constrained as well.

Colossal magnetoresistance, ferroelectricity, superconductivity, charge ordering, spin dependent transport, high thermopower and the interplay of structural, magnetic and transport properties are commonly observed features in this family.

Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery effect or battery memory, is an effect observed in nickel cadmium rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge.

This effect was first observed by Thomas Edison in light bulb filaments, where it is sometimes called the Edison effect, but space charge is a significant phenomenon in many vacuum and solid-state electronic devices.

Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics was the first successful attempt at replicating the observed quantization of atomic spectra.

For metals, quantization corresponding to the lowest energy states is only observed for atomic wires.

By employing Planck's quantization assumption, Einstein's theory accounted for the observed experimental trend for the first time.

Several brain structures other than the amygdala have also been observed to be activated when individuals are presented with fearful vs. neutral faces, namely the occipitocerebellar regions including the fusiform gyrus and the inferior parietal / superior temporal gyri.

In part due to Ribbentrop's influence, it has been often observed that Hitler went to war in 1939 with the country he wanted as his ally – namely the United Kingdom – as his enemy, and the country he wanted as his enemy – namely the Soviet Union – as his ally.

In ancient Greek times philosophers speculated that the apparent diversity of observed phenomena was due to a single type of interaction, namely the collisions of atoms.

With the conception of hybridized atomic orbitals by John C. Slater and Linus Pauling, which rationalized observed molecular geometries, the method was based on the premise that the bonds in any molecule could be described in a manner similar to the bond in H < sub > 2 </ sub >, namely, as overlapping atomic orbitals centered on the atoms involved.

However, the decay chain observed has not been repeated and the exact identity of this activity is unknown, although it is possible that it is due to a meta-stable isomer, namely < sup > 289m </ sup > Fl.

In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the genome does not correlate with genome size.

" Gillota also observed: " Whereas the schlemiel of Eastern Europe encountered problems that mostly affected Eastern European Jews ( such as anti-Semitism and economic survival ), Larry encounters problems that affect contemporary middle-to upper-class American Jews, namely, Jewish assimilation, secularism, intermarriage, and, as all of these suggest, the Jews ' precarious ethnic identity in an increasingly multicultural environment.

If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then only a weak conclusion can be made ; namely that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

The first is the method most commonly observed in modern toasters, namely that of fixed distance and either variable time or a heat sensor.

It seems that in at least one country newly added names are dedicated each year at a special eucumenical service in the presence of family members, veterans and invited dignitaries ; the historical and political issues that are involved are arguably numerous and complicated ; they can certainly be said to include both the issue of whether it makes any historical sense whatsoever that the names of the dead in war can be added in this fashion into what seems to be intended to be an indefinite future while completely ignoring those of the military who died in what is effectively, from the point of view of nationality and politics, the same military actions over the period of all the previous centuries in which the country in question existed, and also an issue which is perhaps even more relevant from a personal and legal point of view, namely whether the relatives and others who should in principle, together with any others involved in point of law, be in some sort of control of the use of the names of the dead for commemorative purposes will necessarily be in accordance with the military decisions taken by the government, or the character of the government itself, it being the case that if they are not they may not wish the names to be included ( this citizen right having it seems, on the record, been generally observed at the time of the erection of the war memorials after the First World War in particular in western Europe, if not it seems after the Second World War ).

Bergen further observed the " terrible irony " that a gesture of protest further served the genocidal aims of the regime ; the soldiers who were troubled by the crying of the children waiting for their time to die felt that they had " dealt with " this issue by " doing something ", namely appealing to Father Tewes and Pastor Wilczek, and that they had no further role to play in this matter.

King proposes a more advanced notion ; namely, that a sign is something that has meaning, regardless of whether it is observed by the physician or reported by the patient:

The gesture is still at times observed in Central and Eastern Europe, namely, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania and Russia ( see here ).

Although this fast is considered a minor fast, it has an additional theoretical stringency not shared by any other fast except Yom Kippur, namely that if the Tenth of Tevet were to fall out on a Shabbat, then according to some, this fast would actually be observed on Shabbat.

A " reverse " Rijke effect — namely, that a Rijke tube will also produce audio oscillations if hot air flows through a cold screen — was first observed by Rijke's assistant Johannes Bosscha and subsequently investigated by German physicist Peter Theophil Rieß.

In a 2008 phylogenomic study of spiral-horned antelopes, chromosomal similarities were observed between cattle ( Bos taurus ) and eight species of spiral-horned antelopes, namely: nyala ( Tragelaphus angasii ), lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ), bongo ( T. eurycerus ), bushbuck ( T. scriptus ), greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ), sitatunga ( T. spekei ), giant eland ( Taurotragus derbianus ), and common eland ( T. oryx ).

He had observed that another, entirely different and unrelated, and far more recent meaning of the term placebo was emerging into far more common usage in the technical literature ( see homonym ); namely that a " placebo response " ( or " placebo reaction ") was a " pleasant " response to a real or sham / dummy treatment ( this new and entirely different usage was based on the Latin meaning of the word placebo, " I shall please ").

P. G. Wodehouse devoted several paragraphs of Something New to the restaurant, and in his novel Psmith in the City, his two heroes dine there: " Psmith waited for Mike while he changed, and carried him off in a cab to Simpson's, a restaurant which, as he justly observed, offered two great advantages, namely, that you need not dress, and, secondly, that you paid your half-crown, and were then at liberty to eat till you were helpless, if you felt so disposed, without extra charge.

" The conference noted that the most important rule of Bolshevik tactics in periods of retreat, namely, to combine illegal work with legal work within the various legally existing workers ’ societies and unions, was being observed in all the localities.

Disruptive selection is of particular significance in the history of evolutionary study, as it is involved in one of evolution's " cardinal cases ", namely the finch populations observed by Darwin in the Galápagos.

In this example, the researcher wants to make a causal inference, namely, that different doses of the drug may be held responsible for observed changes or differences.

He had observed the proximate cause for enrichment, namely dropping an axe in the river, and overlooked the ultimate cause-the need for scrupulous honesty.