Using this scheme, a curve that does not travel around the origin at all has winding number zero, while a curve that travels clockwise around the origin has negative winding number.

The IBM origin of the numbering scheme is reflected in the fact that the smallest ( first ) numbers are assigned to variations of IBM's EBCDIC encoding and slightly larger numbers refer to variations of IBM's extended ASCII encoding as used in its PC hardware.

In the historical scheme proposed by T. F. O ' Rahilly the descent of the kings of Ireland from the sons of Míl is a fiction intended to provide legitimacy for the Goidels, who invaded Ireland in the 1st or 2nd century BC, giving them the same ancient origin as the indigenous peoples they dominated.

The following scheme may be useful to represent an hypothetical origin in India in the last and stronger Himalayas uplift ( 16. 5 million years ago ), when monsoon rains regime established in India ( see figure ).

The term " money laundering " dates back to the days of Al Capone ; Money laundering has since been used to describe any scheme by which the true origin of funds is hidden or concealed.

Refiling and interconnect fraud briefly made headlines in the aftermath of the Worldcom financial troubles ; the refiling scheme is based on a quirk in the system by which telcos bill each other-two calls to the same place may incur different costs because of differing displayed origin.

In 2004, Republic of the Congo was removed from the scheme because it was found unable to prove the origin of its gems, most of which were believed to have come from the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo.

" In the book proper, Davies briefly explores: the nature of reason, belief, and metaphysics ; theories of the origin of the universe ; the laws of nature ; the relationship of mathematics to physics ; a few arguments for the existence of God ; the possibility that the universe shows evidence of intelligent design ; and his opinion of the implications of Gödel's incompleteness theorem, that " the search for a closed logical scheme that provides a complete and self-consistent explanation is doomed to failure.

It was at a time when historians tried to correlate their ideas with the Bible and classical texts, and were trying to fit the Native Americans into a biblical scheme of origin.

In 1986, the Reagan administration was opposed to the affirmative action requirements of this Executive Order and contemplated modifying it to prohibit employers from using " quotas, goals, or other numerical objectives, or any scheme device, or technique that discriminates against, or grants any preference to, any person on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

While the origin of this scheme is unknown, it is interesting to note that these colors are identical to those of Trumbull College, Cabot's sister college at Yale.

“… the factual allegations of the Amended Complaint have a tainted origin and, as events following its filing confirm, are incompatible with Biovail ’ s admission of guilt in a kickback scheme that the Amended Complaint accuses Defendants of falsely reporting and with Biovail ’ s admissions, in connection with the settlement of the SEC enforcement action, of making false statements that inflated its stock price .”

Jherek's entire existence is later revealed to be part of a complicated scheme of Lord Jagged's to survive the End of Time by selectively breeding a race of humans whose DNA renders them immune to the tendency for time to heal itself by rejecting time travelers who journey to the past, and flinging them forward to their point of origin, or beyond.

It is also the department ’ s enforcement strategy to administer a monetary reward scheme to encourage the supply of information on textile origin fraud.

An offshore fund is a collective investment scheme domiciled in an Offshore Financial Centre such as the British Virgin Islands, Luxembourg, or the Cayman Islands ; it is typically sold exclusively to ' foreign ' investors ( those not of the domestic fund sponsor's country of origin ).

The name of hockey itself has no clear origin, though the first known mention of the word ' hockey ' in English dates to 1363.

Another hypothesis for the origin of the term dates back to 1907, " when John Brandtjen convinced two young machinists from Oslo, Norway named Abel and Eneval Kluge to service and install presses for his fledgling printing equipment firm " ( see external link, history of the Kluge Platen Press ).

In some Israeli cities, street signs identify Esperanto's creator and give his birth and death dates, but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer ( a variant of which, El ' azar, is the origin of Lazarus ).

The earliest fossils attributed to the Polaes dates to the late Cretaceous period about 65. 5 million years ago, though some studies ( e. g., Bremer, 2002 ) suggest the origin of the of the group may extend to nearly 115 million years ago, likely in South America.

This practice, still in force at the end of the fourth century, dates apparently from the period when the great cemeterial basilicas were built in Rome, and owes its origin to the solemn commemoration services of martyrs, held at their tombs on the anniversary of their burial, as early as the third century.

The origin of the obsolete term plastique dates back to the Nobel 808 explosive introduced to the U. S. by the British in 1940.

The origin of the glide dates to 1951, when Parry O ' Brien of the United States invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot.

This novel is a continuation of the story that ends in a cliffhanger in The Vampire Lestat and explores the rich history and mythology of the origin of the vampires, which dates back to Ancient Egypt.

Babylonian astronomers before Kidinnu's time apparently already knew the Saros cycle ( old eclipse observations were collected in tables organised according to the Saros cycle since the late 5th century BC ) and the Metonic cycle ( the dates of the lunar calendar in the Saros tables follow a regular 19-year pattern of embolismic months at least since 498 BC ); both cycles are also used in System B. Schnabel computed specific years ( first 314 BC and later 379 BC ) for the origin of the System B lunar theory, but Franz Xaver Kugler and Otto E. Neugebauer later disproved Schnabel's calculations.

The earliest account of the origin of the Delphic oracle is provided in the Homeric Hymn to Delphic Apollo, which recent scholarship dates within a narrow range, ca.

Although the proliferation of costumes is of twentieth-century origin, the occasional use of costumes dates back almost to the date of casting, the oldest costume on display in the City Museum being of seventeenth-century origin.

Its origin is not really known, but it dates back several centuries.

The earliest stromatolite of confirmed microbial origin dates to 2. 724 billion years ago.

According to the written sources we have about the settlements of the Ligurians ( Ligures ), the presence of this people of Mediterranean origin dates back to the first millennium B. C.

The route 128 number dates from the origin of the Massachusetts highway system in the 1920s.

While the dates of origin and other evolutionary details of the European bowed yoke lyres continue to be disputed among organologists, there is general agreement that none of them were the ancestors of modern orchestral bowed stringed instruments, as once was thought.

The origin of the super-rich Howell character dates back to 1949 radio when Backus portrayed " Hubert Updike III " on The Alan Young Show.

The origin of this particular writing is difficult to substantiate because scholars disagree about the exact dates of the composition of the Upanishads, but agree that all Upanishads have been passed down through oral tradition.

Although its origin and purpose is unknown, the imiut fetish dates as far back as to the First Dynasty ( 3100-2890 BC ).

The Scottville Clown Band's origin dates back to 1903 when a group of local merchants dressed in costume and performed for local festivals.

There was also a lot of drift-sand whose origin, according to geological experts, dates back to the last ice age.

The origin of this desert dates back to around 100 million years ago, during which it was covered by a shallow sea.

Hickory Valley's origin dates back to the blending of three independent pioneer settlements in the area that were founded by three men: William Shinault in 1820, Drury Wood in 1826 and William Barnett in 1827.

Hickory Valley's origin dates back to the blending of three independent pioneer settlements in the area that were founded by three men: William Shinault in 1820, Drury Wood in 1826 and William Barnett in 1827.

Although asado is eaten all over the country, its origin may be traced back to the Pampas.

The origin of the party can be traced back to the ideological divisions in the Labour Party in the 1950s ( with its forerunner being the Campaign for Democratic Socialism established to support the Gaitskellites ), but publicly lies in the 1979 Dimbleby Lecture given by Roy Jenkins as he neared the end of his presidency of the European Commission.

The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origin of electronic music, and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the 20th century.

The origin of the family goes back to a Prince Ma ' an who made his appearance in the Lebanon in the days of the ' Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid ( 1118 – 35 AD ).

The origin of the Darwin Awards can be traced back to posts on Usenet group discussions as early as 1985.

The national Coat of Arms of Estonia, three blue lions on a golden shield, is almost identical to the Coat of Arms of Denmark, and its origin can be traced directly back to King Valdemar II and Danish rule in Estonia 1219-1346.

The origin of the goes back to Gottfried Leibniz, who in the seventeenth century, after having constructed a successful mechanical calculating machine, dreamt of building a machine that could manipulate symbols in order to determine the truth values of mathematical statements.

About 2 percent were denied admission to the U. S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.

The EPP Group is one of the three oldest groups, dating its origin back to September 1952 and the first meeting of the Parliament's predecessor, the Common Assembly.

The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70 %.

The origin of the harp goes back to Mesopotamia, The earliest harps and lyres were found in Sumer c, 3500 BCE Several harps were found in burial pits and royal tombs in Ur.

The process nearly kills him ; however Loki is defeated, and Iceman is teleported back to his place of origin.

The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin.

Therefore, while some Kuwaitis originally trace themselves back to Arab origin ( specifically the Najd area or Iraq ), other Kuwaitis can trace themselves back to Iran and a few other non-Arab origins.

When Superman followed the time trail of a piece of red rock that weakened him, he was able to trace his origin back to Krypton for the first time.

The first long ships can trace their origin back to between 500 and 300BC, when the Danish Hjortspring boat was built.

Their origin can be traced back to the early Gulf of Mexico, when the shallow ocean had high rates of evaporation.

In this way, word roots have been found that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the Proto Indo-European language.

The origin of race based politics can be traced back to independence of Malaysia from United Kingdom, who wanted all citizens of Malaysia to be equal upon independence, instead of dominance by Malays.

The origin of the practice is uncertain, but it is quite likely that it was maintained because of widespread belief in the Joan legend, and it was thought genuinely to date back to that period.

These may indicate an origin earlier than the historical records of Manipur, which go back to the 1st Century A. D.

According to Proclus, philosophy is the activity which can liberate the soul from a subjection to bodily passions, remind it of its origin in Soul, Intellect, and the One, and prepare it not only to ascend to the higher levels while still in this life, but to avoid falling immediately back into a new body after death.