There was speculation at the time, however, that the NSA has deliberately reduced the key size from the original value of 112 bits ( in IBM's Lucifer cipher ) or 64 bits ( in one of the versions of what was adopted as DES ) so as to limit the strength of encryption available to non-US users.

In 1994, a member of the original IBM DES team, Don Coppersmith, published a paper stating that differential cryptanalysis was known to IBM as early as 1974, and that defending against differential cryptanalysis had been a design goal.

Slightly more complex is the original DES method, which is to add a single one bit, followed by enough zero bits to fill out the block ; if the message ends on a block boundary, a whole padding block will be added.

LanMan authentication derived from the original legacy SMB specification's requirement to use IBM " LanManager " passwords, but implemented DES in a flawed manner that allowed passwords to be cracked.

The original DES algorithm was specified in 1976 with a 56-bit key size: 2 < sup > 56 </ sup > possibilities for the key.

Since all the subkeys are identical, and DES is a Feistel network, the encryption function is self-inverting ; that is, encrypting twice produces the original plaintext.

A set of reverse rounds are applied to transform ciphertext back into the original plaintext using the same encryption key.

Salieri's setting is a brooding work in the minor key, which rarely moves far from the original melodic material, its main interest lies in the deft and varied handling of orchestral colors.

Iterated product ciphers carry out encryption in multiple rounds, each which uses a different subkey derived from the original key.

Although several versions of many-worlds have been proposed since Hugh Everett's original work, they all contain one key idea: the equations of physics that model the time evolution of systems without embedded observers are sufficient for modelling systems which do contain observers ; in particular there is no observation-triggered wave function collapse which the Copenhagen interpretation proposes.

Other key members of the development team included Bill Trost, who created the history, lore and major characters of Norrath ( including Everquest protagonist Firiona Vie ), Geoffrey " GZ " Zatkin who implemented the spell system, and artist Milo D. Cooper, who did the original character modeling in the game.

The original title of the film, Fucking Åmål, refers to the girls ' feelings about their smalltown home: in a key scene one of the girls shouts in desperation " varför måste vi bo i fucking jävla kuk-Åmål " ( which roughly translates to " why do we have to live in fucking bloody cock-Åmål ").

It creates a new format built on portion addresses from Web pages ; when dereferenced, each portion on the resulting page remains click-connected to its original context — always a key aspect of transclusion for Nelson, but missing in most implementations of transclusion.

In addition to playing the diatonic harmonica in its original key, it is also possible to play it in other keys by playing in other " positions " using different keynotes.

Information that has been encrypted ( rendered unusable ) can be transformed back into its original usable form by an authorized user, who possesses the cryptographic key, through the process of decryption.

Most karaoke machines have technology that electronically changes the pitch of the music so that amateur singers can choose a key that is appropriate for their vocal range, while maintaining the original tempo of the song.

: K is a secret key padded to the right with extra zeros to the input block size of the hash function, or the hash of the original key if it's longer than that block size,

After years of legal wrangling these were returned to her, but the French government had reportedly damaged some of the film stock whilst trying to develop and edit it and a few key scenes were missing ( although Riefenstahl was surprised to find the original negatives for Olympia in the same shipment ).

Some microkernels simplify this by placing some key drivers inside the kernel ( in violation of the minimality principle ), LynxOS and the original Minix are examples.

In its original form, Vernam's system was vulnerable because the key tape was a loop, which was reused whenever the loop made a full cycle.

Some of the key ideas ( not necessarily original to Clausewitz or even to his mentor Gerhard von Scharnhorst ) discussed in On War include ( in no particular order of importance ):

# Given an array of values to be sorted, set up an auxiliary array of initially empty " pigeonholes ," one pigeonhole for each key through the range of the original array.

# Going over the original array, put each value into the pigeonhole corresponding to its key, such that each pigeonhole eventually contains a list of all values with that key.

Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement.

Despite their slightly lower output, " Toasters " produce a brighter, cleaner sound, and are generally seen as key to obtaining the true British Invasion guitar tone, as they were original equipment of the era.

Bernardina da Silveira Pinheiro observes that Stoppard uses metatheatrical devices to produce a " parody " of the key elements of Shakespeare's Hamlet that includes foregrounding two minor characters considered " nonentities " in the original tragedy.

The fact that the three versions cannot be matched word for word helps to explain why its decipherment has been more difficult than originally expected, especially for those original scholars who were expecting an exact bilingual key to Egyptian hieroglyphs.

The Scroll Lock key was meant to lock all scrolling techniques, and is a remnant from the original IBM PC keyboard, though it is not used by most modern-day software.

A further test involved 45 confident astrologers, with an average of 10 years experience and 160 participants ( out of an original sample size of 1198 participants ) who strongly favoured certain characteristics in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to extremes.

Because the original designer had left the company another employee completely redesigned most of the system, ( adding a display snow remover circuit, true 80 / 64 column text mode support, ( with different size letters for TRS-80 and CP / M mode, so that in TRS-80 mode the full screen was also used, not just a 64x16 portion of the 80x25 screen ) with an improved font set ( adding " gray scale " version of the TRS-80 mozaik graphics and many special PETSCII like characters ), and a more flexible and reliable floppy disk controller and keyboard interface plus many other small improvements ), also an enclosure was developed for the main computer system, ( in the form of a 19-inch rack for the Eurocards ) and for two floppy disk drives and the power supply.

Due to logging and land use changes the forest proper is only a fraction of its original size.

Citi Field now uses a new apple, one that is nearly four times the size of the original.

# A system is completely described by a wave function, representing the state of the system, which grows gradually with time but, upon measurement, collapses suddenly to its original size.

He expanded the Claudian tunnel to three times its original size.

Rather than the original 20 cm size, the diameter of this compact disc was set at 11. 5 cm, the diagonal measurement of a compact cassette.

Astronomers estimated that the visible fragments of SL9 ranged in size from a few hundred metres to two kilometres across, suggesting that the original comet may have had a nucleus up to acrosssomewhat larger than Comet Hyakutake, which became very bright when it passed close to the Earth in 1996.

Using to denote the size of the original grammar, the size blow-up in the worst case may range from to, depending on the transformation algorithm used.

Compression ratios are around 50 – 60 % of original size, similar to those for generic lossless data compression.

Lossy compression depends upon the quality required, but typically yields files of 5 to 20 % of the size of the uncompressed original.

Throughout the 1980s and ' 90s, Young promised fans a follow-up to the original Decade collection, provisionally titled Decade II ; eventually, this idea was scrapped in favor of a much more comprehensive anthology to be titled Archives, spanning his entire career and ranging in size from a box set to an entire series of audio and / or video releases.

In Norse mythology, Draupnir ( Old Norse " the dripper ") is a gold ring possessed by the god Odin with the ability to multiply itself: Every ninth night eight new rings ' drip ' from Draupnir, each one of the same size and weight as the original.

The original area covered by the lava flows is estimated to have been as large as 1. 5 million km², approximately half the size of modern India.

These ships had the size and displacement of the original torpedo boat destroyers that the contemporary destroyer had evolved from.

Baudhayana ( c. 8th century BCE ) composed the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, the best-known Sulba Sutra, which contains examples of simple Pythagorean triples, such as:,,,, and as well as a statement of the Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square: " The rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square.

The original chip measured 33 mm² and minimum feature size was 3. 2 μm.

The size of the building was halved, and it was set back from the original wall segments to preserve the foundation.

A half size replica of the Sutton Hoo longship has been equipped with a substancial sail, despite the original having oar power only.

110 of the most famous strips have been reprinted in their original size and colors in the 2005 collection Little Nemo in Slumberland, So Many Splendid Sundays ( ISBN 978-0-9768885-9-8 ), a 16x21 inch hardcover book from Sunday Press Books and its sequel the 2008 collection Little Nemo in Slumberland, Many More Splendid Sundays, Volume 2 ( ISBN 978-0976888550 ) with 110 more images.

It is possible to compress many types of digital data in a way that reduces the size of a computer file needed to store it, or the bandwidth needed to stream it, with no loss of the full information contained in the original file.