Autosuggestibility, the reaction of the subject in such a way as to conform to his own expectations of the outcome ( i.e., that the arm-rise is a reaction to the pressure exerted in the voluntary contraction, because of his knowledge that `` to every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction '' ) also seems inadequate as an explanation for the following reasons: ( 1 ) the subjects' apparently genuine experience of surprise when their arms rose, and ( 2 ) manifestations of the phenomenon despite anticipations of something else happening ( e.g., of becoming dizzy and maybe falling, an expectation spontaneously volunteered by one of the subjects ).

Another interesting insight into Athenian democracy comes from the law that excluded from decisions of war those citizens who had property close to the city walls-on the basis that they had a personal interest in the outcome of such debates because the practice of an invading army at the time was to destroy the land outside the walls.

In addition, if the situation of the game is such that the steal is of little use ( usually in the late innings when the runner would not change the game's outcome by scoring ), and the catcher does not attempt to throw out the runner, the runner is not credited with a steal, and the base is attributed to defensive indifference.

Armoured cavalry such as the Byzantine cataphract were used as shock troops — they would charge the main body of the enemy and, in many cases, their actions decided the outcome of the battle, hence the later term " battle cavalry ".

Along their history DBMSs and respective databases, to a great extent, have been the outcome of such research, while real product requirements and challenges triggered database research directions and sub-areas.

# Adjudicative processes, such as litigation or arbitration, in which a judge, jury or arbitrator determines the outcome.

Draper argued that any definition of euthanasia must incorporate four elements: an agent and a subject ; an intention ; a causal proximity, such that the actions of the agent lead to the outcome ; and an outcome.

In many-worlds, the subjective appearance of wavefunction collapse is explained by the mechanism of quantum decoherence, which resolves all of the correlation paradoxes of quantum theory, such as the EPR paradox and Schrödinger's cat, since every possible outcome of every event defines or exists in its own " history " or " world ".

Fermi and his team knew that such work carried considerable risk but they considered the outcome so vital that they forged ahead with little regard for their own personal safety.

The bill specifically exempts fantasy sports games, educational games, or any online contest that " has an outcome that reflects the relative knowledge of the participants, or their skill at physical reaction or physical manipulation ( but not chance ), and, in the case of a fantasy or simulation sports game, has an outcome that is determined predominantly by accumulated statistical results of sporting events, including any non-participant's individual performances in such sporting events ..."

In fact, Bayesian inference can be used to show that when the long-run proportion of different outcomes are unknown but exchangeable ( meaning that the random process from which they are generated may be biased but is equally likely to be biased in any direction ) previous observations demonstrate the likely direction of the bias, such that the outcome which has occurred the most in the observed data is the most likely to occur again.

Type II gambler's fallacy, as defined by Gideon Keren and Charles Lewis, occurs when a gambler underestimates how many observations are needed to detect a favorable outcome ( such as watching a roulette wheel for a length of time and then betting on the numbers that appear most often ).

There is no evidence that any such " numerological strategy " yields a better outcome than pure chance, but the methods are sometimes encouraged, e. g. by casino owners.

Elementary events and the corresponding outcome are often written interchangeably for simplicity, as such an event corresponds to precisely one outcome.

This is not the only way probabilistic statements are used in ordinary human language: when people say that " it will probably rain ", they typically do not mean that the outcome of rain versus not-rain is a random factor that the odds currently favor ; instead, such statements are perhaps better understood as qualifying their expectation of rain with a degree of confidence.

Propensity theorists think of probability as a physical propensity, or disposition, or tendency of a given type of physical situation to yield an outcome of a certain kind or to yield a long run relative frequency of such an outcome.

In 1996, when the first such election took place, the outcome was a surprise win for Benjamin Netanyahu after election polls predicted that Peres was the winner.

A finding of reversible error requires that substantial right of the appellant be affected, or the evidence in question be of such character as to have affected the outcome of the trial.

In such instances, the function that maps the outcome to a real number is often the identity function or similarly trivial function, and not explicitly described.

Special techniques such as sweeping, gaining access, and the details of move-order can have a large impact on the outcome of the game.

Strictly speaking, this means that the probability for each possible outcome of the experiment can be computed by multiplying together the probabilities of the possible outcomes of the single binomial trials.

The outcome of the experiment is X successes.

At the time the EPR article was written, it was known from experiments that the outcome of an experiment sometimes cannot be uniquely predicted.

They claim that given a specific experiment, in which the outcome of a measurement is known before the measurement takes place, there must exist something in the real world, an " element of reality ", that determines the measurement outcome.

Some months later, FitzGerald published his conjecture in Science to explain the baffling outcome of the 1887 ether-wind experiment of Michelson and Morley.

Following the negative outcome of aether-drift experiments like the Michelson-Morley experiment, the concept of aether as a mechanical medium having a state of motion lost adherents.

* Null result, the absence of a hypothesized effect in the outcome of a scientific experiment

The most popular version of objective probability is frequentist probability, which claims that the probability of a random event denotes the relative frequency of occurrence of an experiment's outcome, when repeating the experiment.

A modification of this is propensity probability, which interprets probability as the tendency of some experiment to yield a certain outcome, even if it is performed only once.

Propensities are invoked to explain why repeating a certain kind of experiment will generate a given outcome type at a persistent rate, which are known as propensities or chances.

Popper noted that the outcome of a physical experiment is produced by a certain set of " generating conditions ".

To say that a set of generating conditions has propensity p of producing the outcome E means that those exact conditions, if repeated indefinitely, would produce an outcome sequence in which E occurred with limiting relative frequency p. For Popper then, a deterministic experiment would have propensity 0 or 1 for each outcome, since those generating conditions would have same outcome on each trial.

If one throws a die once, it is difficult to predict the outcome, but if we repeat this experiment many times, we will see that the number of times each result occurs divided by the number of throws will eventually stabilize towards a specific value.

A theory of everything ( ToE ) or final theory is a putative theory of theoretical physics that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle.

* The Einsteinian equivalence principle: The outcome of any local non-gravitational experiment in a freely falling laboratory is independent of the velocity of the laboratory and its location in spacetime.

Every instance of the real-world situation or run of the experiment must produce exactly one outcome.

A theory of everything ( TOE ) is a putative theory of theoretical physics that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle.

where x is the observed outcome of an experiment.

The measurement problem is resolved by this theory since the outcome of an experiment is registered by the configuration of the particles of the experimental apparatus after the experiment is completed.

After all, when one has asked whatever became of old Joe and Charlie when one has inquired who it was Sue Brown married and where it is they now live when questions are asked and answered about families and children, and old professors when the game and its probable outcome has been exhausted that does it.

Computational linguistics has theoretical and applied components, where theoretical computational linguistics takes up issues in theoretical linguistics and cognitive science, and applied computational linguistics focuses on the practical outcome of modelling human language use.

As a result, under current CPC General Secretary and President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao, the PRC has initiated policies to address these issues of equitable distribution of resources, but the outcome remains to be seen.

It also has been used to argue that perhaps, Ceawlin did not win the battle and that the chronicler chose not to record the outcome fully – a king does not usually come home " in anger " after taking " many towns and countless war-loot ".

The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not prevent the reopening of the case in accordance with the law and penal procedure of the State concerned, if there is evidence of new or newly discovered facts, or if there has been a fundamental defect in the previous proceedings, which could affect the outcome of the case.

The Curse of Davros begins with Davros and the Daleks working together to try and alter the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo using technology that Davros has created that allows him to swap peoples ' minds, with matters becoming more complicated when the Sixth Doctor uses the device to swap bodies with Davros in an attempt to subvert the Daleks ' plans from the inside.

It has been proven that, among all types of therapies, one of the most important factors and best predictors for a successful outcome is the intensity of the therapy.

This avoids confusion between past events ( which cannot be changed ), the present ( which one can test but not generally change ) and future events ( which one still has time to change even on a large scale ), which can prevent noticing or taking an action to improve a future outcome.

He compared the market to a game in which ' there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust ' and argued that ' social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content '; likewise " the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning.

Because contracts of insurance have many features in common with wagers, insurance contracts are often distinguished under law as agreements in which either party has an interest in the " bet-upon " outcome beyond the specific financial terms.

The outcome, however, “ may prove less horrific than the novel has originally suggested ”.

In gambler's fallacy, however, people predict the opposite outcome of the last event ( negative recency )-that, for example, since the roulette wheel has landed on black the last six times, it is due to land on red the next.

* Mootness, in American law, is a point in a case is said to be moot when it has been made irrelevant and would not have any effect on the outcome, thus it does not need to be considered further

His career has not been without controversy, including being twice involved in collisions in the final race of a season that determined the outcome of the world championship, with Damon Hill in 1994 in Adelaide, and with Jacques Villeneuve in 1997 in Jerez.

The distinction between a " merger " and an " acquisition " has become increasingly blurred in various respects ( particularly in terms of the ultimate economic outcome ), although it has not completely disappeared in all situations.

Shuffling is often followed by a cut, to help ensure that the shuffler has not manipulated the outcome.