Oxidative phosphorylation ( or OXPHOS in short ) is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ).

Mildronate shifts the myocardial energy metabolism from fatty acid oxidation to the more oxygen sparing glucose oxidation under ischemic conditions, by inhibiting enzymes in the carnitine biosynthesis pathway including gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase.

For example, in homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, NADH formed during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized back to NAD + by the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid at a later stage in the pathway.

Microfossils of iron oxidizing bacteria have been found in ancient Si-Fe deposits and iron oxidation may be an ancient and widespread metabolic pathway.

A similar study showed that much like leptin, adiponectin also stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids via the AMPK pathway, and that it also stimulates the uptake of glucose in skeletal muscle.

Another metabolic pathway is oxidation by CYP3A4.

The exact mechanism of methane oxidation under anaerobic conditions is still a topic of debate but the most widely accepted theory is that the archaea use the reversed methanogenesis pathway to produce carbon dioxide and another, unknown substance.

Some examples of successful metabolic engineering are the following: ( i ) Identification of constraints to lysine production in corynebacterium glutamicum and insertion of new genes to relieve these constraints to improve production ( ii ) Engineering of a new fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, called reversed beta oxidation pathway, that is more efficient than the native pathway in producing fatty acids and alcohols which can potentially be catalytically converted to chemicals and fuels ( iii ) Improved production of DAHP ( 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate ), an aromatic metabolite produced by E. coli that is an intermediate in the production of aromatic amino acids.

The main degradation pathway of moclobemide is oxidation.

Although Halobacterium NRC-1 contains genes for glucose degradation as well as genes for enzymes of a fatty acid oxidation pathway, it does not seem able to use these as energy sources.

Weak oxidation of molybdenum starts at 300 ° C.

The cusp point of the oxidation curve ( the point where a rapid rise in the conductivity starts ) gives the induction time of the rancidification reaction ,< sup > p. 31 </ sup > and can be taken as an indication of the oxidative stability of the sample.

This is a point on which oxidation of a lubricating oil starts

The structure of Sumanene can be inferred from oxidation of 1, 5, 9-trimethyltriphenylene but the first practical synthesis starts from norbornadiene.

This method starts with partial oxidation of methane ( natural gas ) to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and water, the carbon monoxide to hydrogen ( H < sub > 2 </ sub >) ratio is adjusted using the water gas shift reaction ) and the excess carbon dioxide removal by aqueous solutions of alkanolamine ( or physical solvents ) the water is removed yielding synthesis gas ( syngas ) that is chemically reacted over an iron or cobalt catalyst to produce liquid hydrocarbons and other byproducts.

The high cost of land and a few operational problems resulting from excessive loadings have created the need for a wastewater treatment system with the operational characteristics of the oxidation pond but with the ability to treat more organic matter per unit volume.

Research at Fayette, Missouri on oxidation ponds has shown that the BOD in the treated effluent varied from 30 to 53 mg/l with loadings from 8 to 120 lb.

They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation.

Native antimony with redox | oxidation products

A soft, silvery-white radioactive metal, actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that prevents further oxidation.

As with most lanthanides and actinides, actinium assumes oxidation state + 3 in nearly all its chemical compounds.

Actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that prevents further oxidation.

As with most lanthanides and actinides, actinium exists in the oxidation state + 3, and the Ac < sup > 3 +</ sup > ions are colorless in solutions.

The method initiates by converting mercury into Hg < sup > 2 +</ sup > by oxidation from nitric and sulfuric acids, followed by a reduction of Hg < sup > 2 +</ sup > with tin ( II ) chloride.

Catalytic oxidation with oxygen or the reaction with percarboxylic acids yields epoxides.

The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen ( reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets ).

They showed by oxidizing boron with air that boric acid is an oxidation product of boron.

Chemical experiments have confirmed bohrium's predicted position as a heavier homologue to rhenium with the formation of a stable + 7 oxidation state.

Moreover, in geriatric medicine, if benzodiazepines are necessary, those with short half-lives ( e. g. lorazepam & oxazepam ) are preferred, as they do not require hepatic oxidation.

An example of organic reaction: Baeyer – Villiger oxidation | oxidation of ketone s to ester s with a Peroxy acid | peroxycarboxylic acid

On the contrary, many ions with high oxidation numbers, such as,,,, ) can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents.

2 cups / day ) significantly reduced lipid oxidation and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in women with metabolic syndrome.

Dysprosium combines with various non-metals at high temperatures to form binary compounds with varying composition and oxidation states + 3 and sometimes + 2, such as DyN, DyP, DyH < sub > 2 </ sub > and DyH < sub > 3 </ sub >; DyS, DyS < sub > 2 </ sub >, Dy < sub > 2 </ sub > S < sub > 3 </ sub > and Dy < sub > 5 </ sub > S < sub > 7 </ sub >; DyB < sub > 2 </ sub >, DyB < sub > 4 </ sub >, DyB < sub > 6 </ sub > and DyB < sub > 12 </ sub >, as well as Dy < sub > 3 </ sub > C and Dy < sub > 2 </ sub > C < sub > 3 </ sub >.

Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state + 3, but the oxidation state + 2 is also common: all europium compounds with oxidation state + 2 are slightly reducing.

The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.

A reducing atmosphere, also known as a reduction atmosphere, is an atmospheric condition in which oxidation is prevented by removal of oxygen and other oxidising gases or vapours, and which may contain actively reducing gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide and gases that would oxidize in the presence of oxygen, such as hydrogen sulfide.

SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors ( and VOCs ) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon ( most commonly used historically ), thermal and / or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation.

In chemistry, this is the opposite of oxidation and can mean the removal of oxygen or, in this case, the addition of hydrogen, which by breaking the bonds of the keratin in the hair, allowed waving to take place more easily.

Phase I reactions ( also termed nonsynthetic reactions ) may occur by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, cyclization, and decyclization addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen, carried out by mixed function oxidases, often in the liver.

Pressure oxidation is an aqueous process for sulfur removal carried out in a continuous autoclave, operating at high pressures and somewhat elevated temperatures.

The oral administration of tetrahydrobiopterin ( or BH4 ) ( a cofactor for the oxidation of phenylalanine ) can reduce blood levels of this amino acid in certain patients.

Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation.

The enzymes which are dependent on thiamine diphosphate are associated with the citric acid cycle ( also known as the Krebs cycle ), and catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate, alphaketoglutarate and branched chain amino acids.

Chloramines are often an unwanted side product of oxidation reactions of organic compounds ( with amino groups ) with bleach.

Evidence has shown that cigarette smoke can lead to oxidation of methionine 358 of α < sub > 1 </ sub >- antitrypsin ( 382 in the pre-processed form containing the 24 amino acid signal peptide ), a residue essential for binding elastase ; this is thought to be one of the primary mechanisms by which cigarette smoking ( or second-hand smoke ) can lead to emphysema.

Peroxisomes contain enzymes of β-oxidation ( break down fats and produce Acetyl-CoA ), as well as enzymes of many other important pathways like amino acid and bile acid metabolism, oxidation / detoxification of various harmful compounds in the liver ( ex.

* cationic amino acid oxidation:

At least some naturally occurring nitro groups arise by the oxidation of amino groups.

Stickland fermentation or The Stickland Reaction is the name for a chemical reaction that involves the coupled oxidation and reduction of amino acids to organic acids.

Endurance athletes in aerobic activity may have increased daily protein intake at 1. 2-1. 4 g per kg body weight per day where strength training athletes performing anaerobic activity may have increased daily protein intake needs at 1. 4-1. 8 g per kg body weight so as to enhance muscle protein synthesis or to make up for the loss of amino acid oxidation during exercise.